Making faster runtime

Question

hiiiiii all im very new to abap plz suggest me steps so that i can reduce the runtime speed of my program
thanks in advance
hoping 4 quick help
gaurav

Answer 1

hi gaurav,
        plz refer to the following lines.
For all entries
Nested selects
Select using JOINS
Use the selection criteria
Use the aggregated functions
Select with view
Select with index support
Select … Into table
Select with selection list
Key access to multiple lines
Copying internal tables
Modifying a set of lines
Deleting a sequence of lines
Linear search vs. binary
Comparison of internal tables
Modify selected components
Appending two internal tables
Deleting a set of lines
Tools available in SAP to pin-point a performance problem
Optimizing the load of the database
Other General Tips & Tricks for Optimization
For all entries:
      The for all entries creates a where clause, where all the entries in the driver table are combined with OR. If the number of entries in the driver table is larger than rsdb/max_blocking_factor, several similar SQL statements are executed to limit the length of the WHERE clause.
The plus
•     Large amount of data
•     Mixing processing and reading of data
•     Fast internal reprocessing of data
•     Fast
The Minus
•     Difficult to program/understand
•     Memory could be critical (use FREE or PACKAGE size)
Some steps that might make FOR ALL ENTRIES more efficient:
•     Removing duplicates from the the driver table
•     Sorting the driver table
•     If possible, convert the data in the driver table to ranges so a BETWEEN statement is used instead of and OR statement:
•     FOR ALL ENTRIES IN i_tab
•       WHERE mykey >= i_tab-low and
•             mykey <= i_tab-high.
Nested selects:
The plus:
•     Small amount of data
•     Mixing processing and reading of data
•     Easy to code - and understand
The minus:
•     Large amount of data
•     when mixed processing isn’t needed
•     Performance killer no. 1
Select using JOINS:
The plus
•     Very large amount of data
•     Similar to Nested selects - when the accesses are planned by the programmer
•     In some cases the fastest
•     Not so memory critical
The minus
•     Very difficult to program/understand
•     Mixing processing and reading of data not possible
Use the selection criteria
SELECT * FROM SBOOK.                   
  CHECK: SBOOK-CARRID = 'LH' AND       
                  SBOOK-CONNID = '0400'.        
ENDSELECT.                             
SELECT * FROM SBOOK                     
  WHERE CARRID = 'LH' AND               
        CONNID = '0400'.                
ENDSELECT.                              
Use the aggregated functions
C4A = '000'.              
SELECT * FROM T100        
  WHERE SPRSL = 'D' AND   
        ARBGB = '00'.     
  CHECK: T100-MSGNR > C4A.
  C4A = T100-MSGNR.       
ENDSELECT.                
SELECT MAX( MSGNR ) FROM T100 INTO C4A 
WHERE SPRSL = 'D' AND                
       ARBGB = '00'.                  
Select with view
SELECT * FROM DD01L                    
  WHERE DOMNAME LIKE 'CHAR%'           
        AND AS4LOCAL = 'A'.            
  SELECT SINGLE * FROM DD01T           
    WHERE   DOMNAME    = DD01L-DOMNAME 
        AND AS4LOCAL   = 'A'           
        AND AS4VERS    = DD01L-AS4VERS 
        AND DDLANGUAGE = SY-LANGU.     
ENDSELECT.                             
SELECT * FROM DD01V                    
WHERE DOMNAME LIKE 'CHAR%'           
       AND DDLANGUAGE = SY-LANGU.     
ENDSELECT.                             
Select with index support
SELECT * FROM T100            
WHERE     ARBGB = '00'      
       AND MSGNR = '999'.    
ENDSELECT.                    
SELECT * FROM T002.             
  SELECT * FROM T100            
    WHERE     SPRSL = T002-SPRAS
          AND ARBGB = '00'      
          AND MSGNR = '999'.    
  ENDSELECT.                    
ENDSELECT.                      
Select … Into table:
REFRESH X006.                 
SELECT * FROM T006 INTO X006. 
  APPEND X006.                
ENDSELECT
SELECT * FROM T006 INTO TABLE X006.
Select with selection list:
SELECT * FROM DD01L              
  WHERE DOMNAME LIKE 'CHAR%'     
        AND AS4LOCAL = 'A'.      
ENDSELECT
SELECT DOMNAME FROM DD01L    
INTO DD01L-DOMNAME         
WHERE DOMNAME LIKE 'CHAR%' 
       AND AS4LOCAL = 'A'.  
ENDSELECT
Key access to multiple lines:
LOOP AT TAB.          
CHECK TAB-K = KVAL. 
ENDLOOP.              
LOOP AT TAB WHERE K = KVAL.     
ENDLOOP.                        
Copying internal tables:
REFRESH TAB_DEST.              
LOOP AT TAB_SRC INTO TAB_DEST. 
  APPEND TAB_DEST.             
ENDLOOP.                       
TAB_DEST[] = TAB_SRC[].
Modifying a set of lines:
LOOP AT TAB.             
  IF TAB-FLAG IS INITIAL.
    TAB-FLAG = 'X'.      
  ENDIF.                 
  MODIFY TAB.            
ENDLOOP.                 
TAB-FLAG = 'X'.                  
MODIFY TAB TRANSPORTING FLAG     
           WHERE FLAG IS INITIAL.
Deleting a sequence of lines:
DO 101 TIMES.               
  DELETE TAB_DEST INDEX 450.
ENDDO.                      
DELETE TAB_DEST FROM 450 TO 550.
Linear search vs. binary:
READ TABLE TAB WITH KEY K = 'X'.
READ TABLE TAB WITH KEY K = 'X' BINARY SEARCH.
Comparison of internal tables
DESCRIBE TABLE: TAB1 LINES L1,      
                TAB2 LINES L2.      
IF L1 <> L2.                        
  TAB_DIFFERENT = 'X'.              
ELSE.                               
  TAB_DIFFERENT = SPACE.            
  LOOP AT TAB1.                     
    READ TABLE TAB2 INDEX SY-TABIX. 
    IF TAB1 <> TAB2.                
      TAB_DIFFERENT = 'X'. EXIT.    
    ENDIF.                          
  ENDLOOP.                          
ENDIF.                              
IF TAB_DIFFERENT = SPACE.           
ENDIF.                              
IF TAB1[] = TAB2[].  
ENDIF.               
Modify selected components:
LOOP AT TAB.           
TAB-DATE = SY-DATUM. 
MODIFY TAB.          
ENDLOOP.               
WA-DATE = SY-DATUM.                    
LOOP AT TAB.                           
MODIFY TAB FROM WA TRANSPORTING DATE.
ENDLOOP.     
Appending two internal tables:
LOOP AT TAB_SRC.              
  APPEND TAB_SRC TO TAB_DEST. 
ENDLOOP
APPEND LINES OF TAB_SRC TO TAB_DEST.
Deleting a set of lines:
LOOP AT TAB_DEST WHERE K = KVAL. 
  DELETE TAB_DEST.               
ENDLOOP
DELETE TAB_DEST WHERE K = KVAL.
Tools available in SAP to pin-point a performance problem
•     The runtime analysis (SE30)
•     SQL Trace (ST05)
•     Tips and Tricks tool
•     The performance database
Optimizing the load of the database
Using table buffering:
Using buffered tables improves the performance considerably. Note that in some cases a stament can not be used with a buffered table, so when using these staments the buffer will be bypassed. These staments are:
•     Select DISTINCT
•     ORDER BY / GROUP BY / HAVING clause
•     Any WHERE clasuse that contains a subquery or IS NULL expression
•     JOIN s
•     A SELECT... FOR UPDATE
If you wnat to explicitly bypass the bufer, use the BYPASS BUFFER addition to the SELECR clause.
Use the ABAP SORT Clause Instead of ORDER BY:
The ORDER BY clause is executed on the database server while the ABAP SORT statement is executed on the application server. The datbase server will usually be the bottleneck, so sometimes it is better to move thje sort from the datsbase server to the application server.
If you are not sorting by the primary key ( E.g. using the ORDER BY PRIMARY key statement) but are sorting by another key, it could be better to use the ABAP SORT stament to sort the data in an internal table. Note however that for very large result sets it might not be a feasible solution and you would want to let the datbase server sort it.
Avoid ther SELECT DISTINCT Statement:
    As with the ORDER BY clause it could be better to avoid using SELECT DISTINCT, if some of the fields are not part of an index. Instead use ABAP SORT + DELETE ADJACENT DUPLICATES on an internal table, to delete duplciate rows.
TIPS & TRICKS FOR OPTIMIZATION
•     Use the GET RUN TIME command to help evaluate performance. It's hard to know whether that optimization technique REALLY helps unless you test it out. Using this tool can help you know what is effective, under what kinds of conditions. The GET RUN TIME has problems under multiple CPUs, so you should use it to test small pieces of your program, rather than the whole program.
•     Generally, try to reduce I/O first, then memory, then CPU activity. I/O operations that read/write to hard disk are always the most expensive operations. Memory, if not controlled, may have to be written to swap space on the hard disk, which therefore increases your I/O read/writes to disk. CPU activity can be reduced by careful program design, and by using commands such as SUM (SQL) and COLLECT (ABAP/4).
•     Avoid 'SELECT *', especially in tables that have a lot of fields. Use SELECT A B C INTO instead, so that fields are only read if they are used. This can make a very big difference.
•     Field-groups can be useful for multi-level sorting and displaying. However, they write their data to the system's paging space, rather than to memory (internal tables use memory). For this reason, field-groups are only appropriate for processing large lists (e.g. over 50,000 records). If you have large lists, you should work with the systems administrator to decide the maximum amount of RAM your program should use, and from that, calculate how much space your lists will use. Then you can decide whether to write the data to memory or swap space.
•     Use as many table keys as possible in the WHERE part of your select statements.
•     Whenever possible, design the program to access a relatively constant number of records (for instance, if you only access the transactions for one month, then there probably will be a reasonable range, like 1200-1800, for the number of transactions inputted within that month). Then use a SELECT A B C INTO TABLE ITAB statement.
•     Get a good idea of how many records you will be accessing. Log into your productive system, and use SE80 -> Dictionary Objects (press Edit), enter the table name you want to see, and press Display. Go To Utilities -> Table Contents to query the table contents and see the number of records. This is extremely useful in optimizing a program's memory allocation.
•     Try to make the user interface such that the program gradually unfolds more information to the user, rather than giving a huge list of information all at once to the user.
•     Declare your internal tables using OCCURS NUM_RECS, where NUM_RECS is the number of records you expect to be accessing. If the number of records exceeds NUM_RECS, the data will be kept in swap space (not memory).
•     Use SELECT A B C INTO TABLE ITAB whenever possible. This will read all of the records into the itab in one operation, rather than repeated operations that result from a SELECT A B C INTO ITAB... ENDSELECT statement. Make sure that ITAB is declared with OCCURS NUM_RECS, where NUM_RECS is the number of records you expect to access.
•     If the number of records you are reading is constantly growing, you may be able to break it into chunks of relatively constant size. For instance, if you have to read all records from 1991 to present, you can break it into quarters, and read all records one quarter at a time. This will reduce I/O operations. Test extensively with GET RUN TIME when using this method.
•     Know how to use the 'collect' command. It can be very efficient. 
•     Use the SELECT SINGLE command whenever possible.  
•     Many tables contain totals fields (such as monthly expense totals). Use these avoid wasting resources by calculating a total that has already been calculated and stored.
ABAP/4 Development Code Efficiency Guidelines
ABAP/4 (Advanced Business Application Programming 4GL) language is an "event-driven", "top-down", well-structured and powerful programming language.  The ABAP/4 processor controls the execution of an event.  Because the ABAP/4 language incorporates many "event" keywords and these keywords need not be in any specific order in the code, it is wise to implement in-house ABAP/4 coding standards.
SAP-recommended customer-specific ABAP/4 development guidelines can be found in the SAP-documentation.
This page contains some general guidelines for efficient ABAP/4 Program Development that should be considered to improve the systems performance on the following areas:-
Physical I/O - data must be read from and written into I/O devices. This can be a potential bottle neck. A well configured system always runs 'I/O-bound' - the performance of the I/O dictates the overall performance.
Memory consumption of the database resources eg. buffers, etc.
CPU consumption on the database and application servers
Network communication - not critical for little data volumes, becomes a bottle neck when large volumes are transferred.
Policies and procedures can also be put into place so that every SAP-customer development object is thoroughly reviewed (quality – program correctness as well as code-efficiency) prior to promoting the object to the SAP-production system.   Information on the SAP R/3 ABAP/4 Development Workbench programming tools and its features can be found on the SAP Public Web-Server.
CLASSIC GOOD 4GL PROGRAMMING CODE-PRACTICES GUIDELINES
Avoid dead-code :
Remove unnecessary code and redundant processing
Spend time documenting and adopt good change control practices
Spend adequate time anayzing business requirements, process flows, data-structures and data-model
Quality assurance is key: plan and execute a good test plan and testing methodology
Experience counts
SELECT * FROM <TABLE>
CHECK:  <CONDITION>
ENDSELECT
  vs.
SELECT * FROM <TABLE>
WHERE <CONDITION>
ENDSELECT
In order to keep the amount of data which is relevant to the query the hit set small, avoid using SELECT+CHECK statements wherever possible. As a general rule of thumb, always specify all known conditions in the WHERE clause (if possible). If there is no WHERE clause the DBMS has no chance to make optimizations.  Always specify your conditions in the Where-clause instead of checking them yourself with check-statements.  The database system can also potentially make use a database index (if possible) for greater efficiency resulting in less load on the database server and considerably less load on the network traffic as well.
Also, it is important to use EQ (=) in the WHERE clause wherever possible, and analyze the SQL-statement for the optimum path the database optimizer will utilize via SQL-trace when necessary.
Also, ensure careful usage of  "OR", "NOT"  and value range tables (INTTAB) that are used inappropriately in Open SQL statements.
SELECT *
vs.
SELECT SINGLE *
If you are interested in exactly one row of a database table or view, use the SELECT SINGLE statement instead of a SELECT * statement.  SELECT SINGLE requires one communication with the database system whereas SELECT * requires two.
SELECT * FROM <TABLE>  INTO <INT-TAB>
APPEND <INT-TAB>
ENDSELECT
vs.
SELECT * FROM <TABLE> INTO TABLE <INT-TAB>
It is usually faster to use the INTO TABLE version of a SELECT statement than to use APPEND statements
SELECT ... WHERE + CHECK
vs.
SELECT using aggregate function
If you want to find the maximum, minimum, sum and average value or the count of a database column, use a select list with aggregate functions instead of computing the aggregates within the program.   The RDBMS is responsible for aggregated computations instead of transferring large amount of data to the application. Overall Network, Application-server and Database load is also considerably less.
SELECT INTO TABLE <INT-TAB> + LOOP AT T
SELECT * FROM <TABLE> INTO TABLE <INT-TAB>.
LOOP AT <INT-TAB>.
ENDLOOP.
vs.
SELECT * FROM <TABLE>
ENDSELECT
If you process your data only once, use a SELECT-ENDSELECT loop instead of collecting data in an internal table with SELECT ... INTO TABLE.  Internal table handling takes up much more space
Nested SELECT statements:
SELECT * FROM <TABLE-A>
     SELECT * FROM <TABLE-B>
     ENDSELECT.
ENDSELECT
vs.
Select with view
SELECT * FROM <VIEW>
ENDSELECT
To process a join, use a view wherever possible instead of nested SELECT statements.
Using nested selects is a technique with low performance. The inner select statement is executed several times which might be an overhead. In addition, fewer data must be transferred if another technique would be used eg. join implemented as a view in ABAP/4 Repository.
• SELECT ... FORM ALL ENTRIES
• Explicit cursor handling (for more information, goto Transaction SE30 – Tips & Tricks)
Nested select:
SELECT * FROM pers WHERE condition.
         SELECT * FROM persproj WHERE person = pers-persnr.
               ... process ...
         ENDSELECT.
ENDSELECT.
vs.
SELECT persnr FROM pers INTO TABLE ipers WHERE cond.  ……….
SELECT * FROM persproj FOR ALL ENTRIES IN ipers
      WHERE person = ipers-persnr
………... process .……………
ENDSELECT.
In the lower version the new Open SQL statement FOR ALL ENTRIES is used. Prior to the call, all interesting records from 'pers' are read into an internal table. The second SELECT statement results in a call looking like this (ipers containing: P01, P02, P03):
(SELECT * FROM persproj WHERE person = 'P01')
UNION
(SELECT * FROM persproj WHERE person = 'P02')
UNION
(SELECT * FROM persproj WHERE person = 'P03')
In case of large statements, the R/3's database interface divides the statement into several parts and recombines the resulting set to one.  The advantage here is that the number of transfers is minimized and there is minimal restrictions due to the statement size (compare with range tables).
SELECT * FROM <TABLE>
vs.
SELECT <column(s)> FROM <TABLE>
Use a select list or a view instead of SELECT *, if you are only interested in specific columns of the table. If only certain fields are needed then only those fields should be read from the database.  Similarly, the number of columns can also be restricted by using a view defined in ABAP/4 Dictionary. Overall database and network load is considerably less.
SELECT without table buffering support
vs.
SELECT with table buffering support
For all frequently used, read-only(few updates) tables, do attempt to use SAP-buffering for eimproved performance response times. This would reduce the overall Database activity and Network traffic.
Single-line inserts
LOOP AT <INT-TAB>
INSERT INTO <TABLE> VALUES <INT-TAB>
ENDLOOP
vs.
Array inserts
Whenever possible, use array operations instead of single-row operations to modify the database tables.
Frequent communication between the application program and database system produces considerable overhead.
Single-line updates
SELECT * FROM <TABLE>
  <COLUMN-UPDATE STATEMENT>
  UPDATE <TABLE>
ENDSELECT
vs.
Column updates
UPDATE <TABLE> SET <COLUMN-UPDATE STATEMENT>
Wherever possible, use column updates instead of single row updates to update your database tables
DO....ENDDO loop with Field-Symbol
vs.
Using CA operator
Use the special operators CO, CA, CS instead of programming the operations yourself
If ABAP/4 statements are executed per character on long strings, CPU consumprion can rise substantially
Use of a CONCATENATE function module
vs.
Use of a CONCATENATE statement
Some function modules for string manipulation have become obsolete, and should be replaced by ABAP statements or functions
STRING_CONCATENATE...   ---> CONCATENATE
STRING_SPLIT...  ---> SPLIT
STRING_LENGTH...  ---> strlen()
STRING_CENTER...  ---> WRITE..TO. ..CENTERED
STRING_MOVE_RIGHT  ---> WRITE...TO...RIGHT-JUSTIFIED
Moving with offset
vs.
Use of the CONCATENATE statement
Use the CONCATENATE statement instead of programming a string concatenation of your own
Use of SEARCH and MOVE with offset
vs.
Use of SPLIT statement
Use the SPLIT statement instead of programming a string split yourself
Shifting by SY-FDPOS places
vs
Using SHIFT...LEFT DELETING LEADING...
If you want ot delete the leading spaces in a string use the ABAP/4 statements SHIFT...LEFT DELETING LEADING...  Other constructions (with CN and SHIFT... BY SY-FDPOS PLACES, with CONDENSE if possible, with CN and ASSIGN CLA+SY-FDPOS(LEN) ...) are not as fast
Get a check-sum with field length
vs
Get a check-sum with strlen ()
Use the strlen () function to restrict the DO loop to the relevant part of the field, eg. when determinating a check-sum