Nested blocks
hi
i am new user for oracle .i want know about pl/sql block
can i write this
DECLARE
V_tEMP1 VARCHAR2(20) ;
BEGIN
V_tEMP1 := 'SECOND BLOCK';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(V_tEMP1);
CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE SP_TEST
IS
V_tEMP VARCHAR2(20) ;
BEGIN
V_tEMP := 'FIRST BLOCK';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(V_tEMP);
END ;
END ;
or only i call procedure
Edited by: abdul moyed on Jun 24, 2009 12:26 AM
This function go in DECLARE without "CREATE OR REPLACE"
DECLARE
V_NUMBER VARCHAR2(8);
PROCEDURE SP_TEST
IS
V_tEMP VARCHAR2(20) ;
BEGIN
V_tEMP := 'FIRST BLOCK';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(V_tEMP);
DECLARE
V_tEMP1 VARCHAR2(20) ;
BEGIN
V_tEMP1 := 'SECOND BLOCK';
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(V_tEMP1);
END ;
END ;
BEGIN
SP_TEST;
END;
/
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Cursor Variable in Nested Block
Dear all,
I have a package that has procedures that open cursor variables and print the queries of sample schema HR. There's one procedure that opens the cursor with an input integer to choose which query that wants to be fetched. The other prints the query by fetching the cursor in a nested block with exceptions. The following package runs as intended, it prints all the three options without any problems:
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE admin_data AS
TYPE gencurtyp IS REF CURSOR;
PROCEDURE open_cv (generic_cv IN OUT gencurtyp, choice INT);
procedure print_cv (generic_cv gencurtyp);
END admin_data;
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY admin_data AS
PROCEDURE open_cv (generic_cv IN OUT gencurtyp, choice INT) IS
BEGIN
IF choice = 1 THEN
OPEN generic_cv FOR SELECT * FROM jobs where job_id='ST_MAN';
ELSIF choice = 2 THEN
OPEN generic_cv FOR SELECT * FROM departments where department_id=270;
ELSIF choice = 3 THEN
OPEN generic_cv FOR SELECT * FROM employees where employee_id=206;
END IF;
END;
procedure print_cv (generic_cv gencurtyp)is
employees_rec employees%rowtype;
departments_rec departments%rowtype;
jobs_rec jobs%rowtype;
begin
fetch generic_cv into jobs_rec;
dbms_output.put_line(jobs_rec.job_title);
exception
when ROWTYPE_MISMATCH then
begin
fetch generic_cv into departments_rec;
dbms_output.put_line(departments_rec.department_name);
exception
when ROWTYPE_MISMATCH then
dbms_output.put_line('row mismatch');
fetch generic_cv into employees_rec;
dbms_output.put_line(employees_rec.first_name);
when OTHERS then
dbms_output.put_line('others');
fetch generic_cv into employees_rec;
dbms_output.put_line(employees_rec.first_name);
end;
end print_cv;
END admin_data;
declare
some_cur admin_data.gencurtyp;
begin
admin_data.open_cv(some_cur,1);
admin_data.print_cv(some_cur);
admin_data.open_cv(some_cur,2);
admin_data.print_cv(some_cur);
admin_data.open_cv(some_cur,3);
admin_data.print_cv(some_cur);
admin_data.open_cv(some_cur,3);
admin_data.print_cv(some_cur);
admin_data.open_cv(some_cur,1);
admin_data.print_cv(some_cur);
admin_data.open_cv(some_cur,2);
admin_data.print_cv(some_cur);
end;
17 /
Stock Manager
Payroll
row mismatch
William
row mismatch
William
Stock Manager
Payroll
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.The innermost block executes 'rowtype mismatch' exception block, which fetches
SELECT * FROM employees where employee_id=206 query.
This time, I switch the query fetch so that
SELECT * FROM employees where employee_id=206query is in the outermost block and
SELECT * FROM jobs where job_id='ST_MAN' is in the innermost block. The package body looks like this:
CREATE OR REPLACE PACKAGE BODY admin_data AS
PROCEDURE open_cv (generic_cv IN OUT gencurtyp, choice INT) IS
BEGIN
IF choice = 1 THEN
OPEN generic_cv FOR SELECT * FROM jobs where job_id='ST_MAN';
ELSIF choice = 2 THEN
OPEN generic_cv FOR SELECT * FROM departments where department_id=270;
ELSIF choice = 3 THEN
OPEN generic_cv FOR SELECT * FROM employees where employee_id=206;
END IF;
END;
procedure print_cv (generic_cv gencurtyp)is
employees_rec employees%rowtype;
departments_rec departments%rowtype;
jobs_rec jobs%rowtype;
begin
fetch generic_cv into employees_rec;
dbms_output.put_line(employees_rec.first_name);
exception
when ROWTYPE_MISMATCH then
begin
fetch generic_cv into departments_rec;
dbms_output.put_line(departments_rec.department_name);
exception
when ROWTYPE_MISMATCH then
dbms_output.put_line('row mismatch');
fetch generic_cv into jobs_rec;
dbms_output.put_line(jobs_rec.job_title);
when OTHERS then
dbms_output.put_line('others');
fetch generic_cv into jobs_rec;
dbms_output.put_line(jobs_rec.job_title);
end;
end print_cv;
END admin_data;
then I run the same anonymous block, I get:declare
some_cur admin_data.gencurtyp;
begin
admin_data.open_cv(some_cur,1);
admin_data.print_cv(some_cur);
admin_data.open_cv(some_cur,2);
admin_data.print_cv(some_cur);
admin_data.open_cv(some_cur,3);
admin_data.print_cv(some_cur);
admin_data.open_cv(some_cur,3);
admin_data.print_cv(some_cur);
admin_data.open_cv(some_cur,1);
admin_data.print_cv(some_cur);
admin_data.open_cv(some_cur,2);
admin_data.print_cv(some_cur);
end;
17 /
others
Payroll
William
William
others
Payroll
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
The strangest thing is the innermost block execute OTHERS exception block instead of ROWTYPE MISMATCH and the the record doesn't fetch anything. What happen? How come the result is different when I only switch the query?
Best regards,
ValHi Sy,
thanks for the reply, yes I agree that the code is cumbersome, I'm studying to prepare OCP PL/SQL certification, so I'm playing around with cursor variable in order to grasp the whole concept. I'm observing the behaviour of weak cursor variable when getting passed into a function and fetched couple of times and exploring exception propagation in the same time. This why the code looks not relevant in the real world.
Anyway, I just curious how it behaves like that. Here's my instance info:
SQL> select * from v$version
2 ;
BANNER
Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.1.0 - 64bit Production
PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
CORE 11.2.0.1.0 Production
TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.1.0 - Production
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<style type="text/css">
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body {
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
color: #000;
background:url(Images/websitebackgroundhomee.jpg) repeat scroll 0 0;
font-family: David;
font-size: 15px;
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margin: 0;
h2, h4, h5, h6, p {
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a img { /* this selector removes the default blue border displayed in some browsers around an image when it is surrounded by a link */
border: none;
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box-shadow: 0 5px 3px 3px #999;
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font-family:Century Gothic;
padding-left:11px;
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width: 300px;
background: #fff;
padding-bottom: 10px;
.content {
padding: 0px 0;
width: 960px;
float: right;
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header, section, footer, aside, nav, article, figure {
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aside {
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z-index:20;
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address {
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address a:link {
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list-style:none outside none;
display:block;
margin:15px 145px 0px;
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display:inline;
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display:inline;
margin-left:135px;
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list-style:none outside none;
display:block;
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font-size:22px;
color:#ffffff;
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.twitterfollowers {
display:inline;
margin-left:160px;
color:#ffffff;
.twitterfollowers a:link {
color:#ffffff;
.facebookfans a:link {
color:#ffffff;
.youtubesubs a:link {
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.facebookfans {
color:#ffffff;
display:inline;
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display:inline;
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list-style:none outside none;
display:block;
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color:#ffffff;
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color:#ffffff;
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.facebookcount {
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display:none;
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padding:35px;
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div#voverlay .close {{
cursor:pointer;
height:35px;
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display:block;
.videogallery a.videolb {
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</style>
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="CSS/videolightbox.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="media_videolb/overlay-minimal.css"/>
<script src="js/jquery.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="js/swfobject.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
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<body>
<div class="container">
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<ul>
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</ul> <!-- end inner UL -->
<ul>
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</ul> <!-- end inner UL -->
<ul>
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</ul> <!-- end inner UL -->
<ul>
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</ul> <!-- end inner UL -->
<ul>
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</ul> <!-- end main UL -->
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.dahj.com/shop">SHOP</a></li>
</ul> <!-- end inner UL -->
<ul>
<li><a href="http://www.dahj.com/about">ABOUT</a></li>
</ul> <!-- end inner UL -->
<p><br class="ClearFloat" />
</p>
</div>
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<div class="homebutton">
<a href="http://www.dahj.com"><img src="Images/websiteicons/bg_logo_new_0.png" width="172" height="61"></a>
</div>
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<br>
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<a class="close"></a>
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</html>I am not sure what's happening with IE9 (no live site) but I had real problems viewing your code in Live View - until I removed the HTML comment marked below. Basically your site was viewable in Design View but as soon a I hit Live view, it disappeared - much like IE9. See if removing the comment solves your issue.
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PL/SQL 101 : Exception Handling
Frequently I see questions and issues around the use of Exception/Error Handling in PL/SQL. More often than not the issue comes from the questioners misunderstanding about how PL/SQL is constructed and executed, so I thought I'd write a small article covering the key concepts to give a clear picture of how it all hangs together. (Note: the examples are just showing examples of the exception handling structure, and should not be taken as truly valid code for ways of handling things)
Exception Handling
Contents
1. Understanding Execution Blocks (part 1)
2. Execution of the Execution Block
3. Exceptions
4. Understanding Execution Blocks (part 2)
5. How to continue exection of statements after an exception
6. User defined exceptions
7. Line number of exception
8. Exceptions within code within the exception block
1. Understanding Execution Blocks (part 1)
The first thing that one needs to understand is almost taking us back to the basics of PL/SQL... how a PL/SQL execution block is constructed.
Essentially an execution block is made of 3 sections...
+---------------------------+
| Declaration Section |
+---------------------------+
| Statements Section |
+---------------------------+
| Exception Section |
+---------------------------+
The Declaration section is the part defined between the PROCEDURE/FUNCTION header or the DECLARE keyword (for anonymous blocks) and the BEGIN keyword. (Optional section)
The Statements section is where your code goes and lies between the BEGIN keyword and the EXCEPTION keyword (or END keyword if there is no EXCEPTION section). (Mandatory section)
The Exception section is where any exception handling goes and lies between the EXCEPTION keyword at the END keyword. (Optional section)
Example of an anonymous block...
DECLARE
.. declarative statements go here ..
BEGIN
.. code statements go here ..
EXCEPTION
.. exception handlers go here ..
END;
Example of a procedure/function block...
[CREATE OR REPLACE] (PROCEDURE|FUNCTION) <proc or fn name> [(<parameters>)] [RETURN <datatype>] (IS|AS)
.. declarative statements go here ..
BEGIN
.. code statements go here ..
EXCEPTION
.. exception handlers go here ..
END;
(Note: The same can also be done for packages, but let's keep it simple)
2. Execution of the Execution Block
This may seem a simple concept, but it's surprising how many people have issues showing they haven't grasped it. When an Execution block is entered, the declaration section is processed, creating a scope of variables, types , cursors, etc. to be visible to the execution block and then execution enters into the Statements section. Each statment in the statements section is executed in turn and when the execution completes the last statment the execution block is exited back to whatever called it.
3. Exceptions
Exceptions generally happen during the execution of statements in the Statements section. When an exception happens the execution of statements jumps immediately into the exception section. In this section we can specify what exceptions we wish to 'capture' or 'trap' and do one of the two following things...
(Note: The exception section still has access to all the declared items in the declaration section)
3.i) Handle the exception
We do this when we recognise what the exception is (most likely it's something we expect to happen) and we have a means of dealing with it so that our application can continue on.
Example...
(without the exception handler the exception is passed back to the calling code, in this case SQL*Plus)
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1 declare
2 v_name VARCHAR2(20);
3 begin
4 select ename
5 into v_name
6 from emp
7 where empno = &empno;
8 dbms_output.put_line(v_name);
9* end;
SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 123
old 7: where empno = &empno;
new 7: where empno = 123;
declare
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01403: no data found
ORA-06512: at line 4
(with an exception handler, we capture the exception, handle it how we want to, and the calling code is happy that there is no error for it to report)
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1 declare
2 v_name VARCHAR2(20);
3 begin
4 select ename
5 into v_name
6 from emp
7 where empno = &empno;
8 dbms_output.put_line(v_name);
9 exception
10 when no_data_found then
11 dbms_output.put_line('There is no employee with this employee number.');
12* end;
SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 123
old 7: where empno = &empno;
new 7: where empno = 123;
There is no employee with this employee number.
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
3.ii) Raise the exception
We do this when:-
a) we recognise the exception, handle it but still want to let the calling code know that it happened
b) we recognise the exception, wish to log it happened and then let the calling code deal with it
c) we don't recognise the exception and we want the calling code to deal with it
Example of b)
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1 declare
2 v_name VARCHAR2(20);
3 v_empno NUMBER := &empno;
4 begin
5 select ename
6 into v_name
7 from emp
8 where empno = v_empno;
9 dbms_output.put_line(v_name);
10 EXCEPTION
11 WHEN no_data_found THEN
12 INSERT INTO sql_errors (txt)
13 VALUES ('Search for '||v_empno||' failed.');
14 COMMIT;
15 RAISE;
16* end;
SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 123
old 3: v_empno NUMBER := &empno;
new 3: v_empno NUMBER := 123;
declare
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01403: no data found
ORA-06512: at line 15
SQL> select * from sql_errors;
TXT
Search for 123 failed.
SQL>
Example of c)
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1 declare
2 v_name VARCHAR2(20);
3 v_empno NUMBER := &empno;
4 begin
5 select ename
6 into v_name
7 from emp
8 where empno = v_empno;
9 dbms_output.put_line(v_name);
10 EXCEPTION
11 WHEN no_data_found THEN
12 INSERT INTO sql_errors (txt)
13 VALUES ('Search for '||v_empno||' failed.');
14 COMMIT;
15 RAISE;
16 WHEN others THEN
17 RAISE;
18* end;
SQL> /
Enter value for empno: 'ABC'
old 3: v_empno NUMBER := &empno;
new 3: v_empno NUMBER := 'ABC';
declare
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-06502: PL/SQL: numeric or value error: character to number conversion error
ORA-06512: at line 3
SQL> select * from sql_errors;
TXT
Search for 123 failed.
SQL>
As you can see from the sql_errors log table, no log was written so the WHEN others exception was the exception that raised the error to the calling code (SQL*Plus)
4. Understanding Execution Blocks (part 2)
Ok, so now we understand the very basics of an execution block and what happens when an exception happens. Let's take it a step further...
Execution blocks are not just a single simple block in most cases. Often, during our statements section we have a need to call some reusable code and we do that by calling a procedure or function. Effectively this nests the procedure or function's code as another execution block within the current statement section so, in terms of execution, we end up with something like...
+---------------------------------+
| Declaration Section |
+---------------------------------+
| Statements Section |
| . |
| +---------------------------+ |
| | Declaration Section | |
| +---------------------------+ |
| | Statements Section | |
| +---------------------------+ |
| | Exception Section | |
| +---------------------------+ |
| . |
+---------------------------------+
| Exception Section |
+---------------------------------+
Example... (Note: log_trace just writes some text to a table for tracing)
SQL> create or replace procedure a as
2 v_dummy NUMBER := log_trace('Procedure A''s Declaration Section');
3 begin
4 v_dummy := log_trace('Procedure A''s Statement Section');
5 v_dummy := 1/0; -- cause an exception
6 exception
7 when others then
8 v_dummy := log_trace('Procedure A''s Exception Section');
9 raise;
10 end;
11 /
Procedure created.
SQL> create or replace procedure b as
2 v_dummy NUMBER := log_trace('Procedure B''s Declaration Section');
3 begin
4 v_dummy := log_trace('Procedure B''s Statement Section');
5 a; -- HERE the execution passes to the declare/statement/exception sections of A
6 exception
7 when others then
8 v_dummy := log_trace('Procedure B''s Exception Section');
9 raise;
10 end;
11 /
Procedure created.
SQL> exec b;
BEGIN b; END;
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01476: divisor is equal to zero
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.B", line 9
ORA-06512: at line 1
SQL> select * from code_trace;
TXT
Procedure B's Declaration Section
Procedure B's Statement Section
Procedure A's Declaration Section
Procedure A's Statement Section
Procedure A's Exception Section
Procedure B's Exception Section
6 rows selected.
SQL>
Likewise, execution blocks can be nested deeper and deeper.
5. How to continue exection of statements after an exception
One of the common questions asked is how to return execution to the statement after the one that created the exception and continue on.
Well, firstly, you can only do this for statements you expect to raise an exception, such as when you want to check if there is no data found in a query.
If you consider what's been shown above you could put any statement you expect to cause an exception inside it's own procedure or function with it's own exception section to handle the exception without raising it back to the calling code. However, the nature of procedures and functions is really to provide a means of re-using code, so if it's a statement you only use once it seems a little silly to go creating individual procedures for these.
Instead, you nest execution blocks directly, to give the same result as shown in the diagram at the start of part 4 of this article.
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1 create or replace procedure b (p_empno IN VARCHAR2) as
2 v_dummy NUMBER := log_trace('Procedure B''s Declaration Section');
3 begin
4 v_dummy := log_trace('Procedure B''s Statement Section');
5 -- Here we start another execution block nested in the first one...
6 declare
7 v_dummy NUMBER := log_trace('Nested Block Declaration Section');
8 begin
9 v_dummy := log_trace('Nested Block Statement Section');
10 select empno
11 into v_dummy
12 from emp
13 where empno = p_empno; -- Note: the parameters and variables from
parent execution block are available to use!
14 exception
15 when no_data_found then
16 -- This is an exception we can handle so we don't raise it
17 v_dummy := log_trace('No employee was found');
18 v_dummy := log_trace('Nested Block Exception Section - Exception Handled');
19 when others then
20 -- Other exceptions we can't handle so we raise them
21 v_dummy := log_trace('Nested Block Exception Section - Exception Raised');
22 raise;
23 end;
24 -- ...Here endeth the nested execution block
25 -- As the nested block handled it's exception we come back to here...
26 v_dummy := log_trace('Procedure B''s Statement Section Continued');
27 exception
28 when others then
29 -- We'll only get to here if an unhandled exception was raised
30 -- either in the nested block or in procedure b's statement section
31 v_dummy := log_trace('Procedure B''s Exception Section');
32 raise;
33* end;
SQL> /
Procedure created.
SQL> exec b(123);
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> select * from code_trace;
TXT
Procedure B's Declaration Section
Procedure B's Statement Section
Nested Block Declaration Section
Nested Block Statement Section
No employee was found
Nested Block Exception Section - Exception Handled
Procedure B's Statement Section Continued
7 rows selected.
SQL> truncate table code_trace;
Table truncated.
SQL> exec b('ABC');
BEGIN b('ABC'); END;
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01722: invalid number
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.B", line 32
ORA-06512: at line 1
SQL> select * from code_trace;
TXT
Procedure B's Declaration Section
Procedure B's Statement Section
Nested Block Declaration Section
Nested Block Statement Section
Nested Block Exception Section - Exception Raised
Procedure B's Exception Section
6 rows selected.
SQL>
You can see from this that, very simply, the code that we expected may have an exception was able to either handle the exception and return to the outer execution block to continue execution, or if an unexpected exception occurred then it was able to be raised up to the outer exception section.
6. User defined exceptions
There are three sorts of 'User Defined' exceptions. There are logical situations (e.g. business logic) where, for example, certain criteria are not met to complete a task, and there are existing Oracle errors that you wish to give a name to in order to capture them in the exception section. The third is raising your own exception messages with our own exception numbers. Let's look at the first one...
Let's say I have tables which detail stock availablility and reorder levels...
SQL> select * from reorder_level;
ITEM_ID STOCK_LEVEL
1 20
2 20
3 10
4 2
5 2
SQL> select * from stock;
ITEM_ID ITEM_DESC STOCK_LEVEL
1 Pencils 10
2 Pens 2
3 Notepads 25
4 Stapler 5
5 Hole Punch 3
SQL>
Now, our Business has told the administrative clerk to check stock levels and re-order anything that is below the re-order level, but not to hold stock of more than 4 times the re-order level for any particular item. As an IT department we've been asked to put together an application that will automatically produce the re-order documents upon the clerks request and, because our company is so tight-ar*ed about money, they don't want to waste any paper with incorrect printouts so we have to ensure the clerk can't order things they shouldn't.
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1 create or replace procedure re_order(p_item_id NUMBER, p_quantity NUMBER) is
2 cursor cur_stock_reorder is
3 select s.stock_level
4 ,r.stock_level as reorder_level
5 ,(r.stock_level*4) as reorder_limit
6 from stock s join reorder_level r on (s.item_id = r.item_id)
7 where s.item_id = p_item_id;
8 --
9 v_stock cur_stock_reorder%ROWTYPE;
10 begin
11 OPEN cur_stock_reorder;
12 FETCH cur_stock_reorder INTO v_stock;
13 IF cur_stock_reorder%NOTFOUND THEN
14 RAISE no_data_found;
15 END IF;
16 CLOSE cur_stock_reorder;
17 --
18 IF v_stock.stock_level >= v_stock.reorder_level THEN
19 -- Stock is not low enough to warrant an order
20 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Stock has not reached re-order level yet!');
21 ELSE
22 IF v_stock.stock_level + p_quantity > v_stock.reorder_limit THEN
23 -- Required amount is over-ordering
24 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Quantity specified is too much. Max for this item: '
||to_char(v_stock.reorder_limit-v_stock.stock_level));
25 ELSE
26 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Order OK. Printing Order...');
27 -- Here goes our code to print the order
28 END IF;
29 END IF;
30 --
31 exception
32 WHEN no_data_found THEN
33 CLOSE cur_stock_reorder;
34 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid Item ID.');
35* end;
SQL> /
Procedure created.
SQL> exec re_order(10,100);
Invalid Item ID.
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> exec re_order(3,40);
Stock has not reached re-order level yet!
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> exec re_order(1,100);
Quantity specified is too much. Max for this item: 70
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> exec re_order(2,50);
Order OK. Printing Order...
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL>
Ok, so that code works, but it's a bit messy with all those nested IF statements. Is there a cleaner way perhaps? Wouldn't it be nice if we could set up our own exceptions...
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1 create or replace procedure re_order(p_item_id NUMBER, p_quantity NUMBER) is
2 cursor cur_stock_reorder is
3 select s.stock_level
4 ,r.stock_level as reorder_level
5 ,(r.stock_level*4) as reorder_limit
6 from stock s join reorder_level r on (s.item_id = r.item_id)
7 where s.item_id = p_item_id;
8 --
9 v_stock cur_stock_reorder%ROWTYPE;
10 --
11 -- Let's declare our own exceptions for business logic...
12 exc_not_warranted EXCEPTION;
13 exc_too_much EXCEPTION;
14 begin
15 OPEN cur_stock_reorder;
16 FETCH cur_stock_reorder INTO v_stock;
17 IF cur_stock_reorder%NOTFOUND THEN
18 RAISE no_data_found;
19 END IF;
20 CLOSE cur_stock_reorder;
21 --
22 IF v_stock.stock_level >= v_stock.reorder_level THEN
23 -- Stock is not low enough to warrant an order
24 RAISE exc_not_warranted;
25 END IF;
26 --
27 IF v_stock.stock_level + p_quantity > v_stock.reorder_limit THEN
28 -- Required amount is over-ordering
29 RAISE exc_too_much;
30 END IF;
31 --
32 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Order OK. Printing Order...');
33 -- Here goes our code to print the order
34 --
35 exception
36 WHEN no_data_found THEN
37 CLOSE cur_stock_reorder;
38 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid Item ID.');
39 WHEN exc_not_warranted THEN
40 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Stock has not reached re-order level yet!');
41 WHEN exc_too_much THEN
42 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Quantity specified is too much. Max for this item: '
||to_char(v_stock.reorder_limit-v_stock.stock_level));
43* end;
SQL> /
Procedure created.
SQL> exec re_order(10,100);
Invalid Item ID.
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> exec re_order(3,40);
Stock has not reached re-order level yet!
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> exec re_order(1,100);
Quantity specified is too much. Max for this item: 70
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> exec re_order(2,50);
Order OK. Printing Order...
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL>
That's better. And now we don't have to use all those nested IF statements and worry about it accidently getting to code that will print the order out as, once one of our user defined exceptions is raised, execution goes from the Statements section into the Exception section and all handling of errors is done in one place.
Now for the second sort of user defined exception...
A new requirement has come in from the Finance department who want to have details shown on the order that show a re-order 'indicator' based on the formula ((maximum allowed stock - current stock)/re-order quantity), so this needs calculating and passing to the report...
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1 create or replace procedure re_order(p_item_id NUMBER, p_quantity NUMBER) is
2 cursor cur_stock_reorder is
3 select s.stock_level
4 ,r.stock_level as reorder_level
5 ,(r.stock_level*4) as reorder_limit
6 ,(((r.stock_level*4)-s.stock_level)/p_quantity) as finance_factor
7 from stock s join reorder_level r on (s.item_id = r.item_id)
8 where s.item_id = p_item_id;
9 --
10 v_stock cur_stock_reorder%ROWTYPE;
11 --
12 -- Let's declare our own exceptions for business logic...
13 exc_not_warranted EXCEPTION;
14 exc_too_much EXCEPTION;
15 begin
16 OPEN cur_stock_reorder;
17 FETCH cur_stock_reorder INTO v_stock;
18 IF cur_stock_reorder%NOTFOUND THEN
19 RAISE no_data_found;
20 END IF;
21 CLOSE cur_stock_reorder;
22 --
23 IF v_stock.stock_level >= v_stock.reorder_level THEN
24 -- Stock is not low enough to warrant an order
25 RAISE exc_not_warranted;
26 END IF;
27 --
28 IF v_stock.stock_level + p_quantity > v_stock.reorder_limit THEN
29 -- Required amount is over-ordering
30 RAISE exc_too_much;
31 END IF;
32 --
33 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Order OK. Printing Order...');
34 -- Here goes our code to print the order, passing the finance_factor
35 --
36 exception
37 WHEN no_data_found THEN
38 CLOSE cur_stock_reorder;
39 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid Item ID.');
40 WHEN exc_not_warranted THEN
41 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Stock has not reached re-order level yet!');
42 WHEN exc_too_much THEN
43 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Quantity specified is too much. Max for this item: '
||to_char(v_stock.reorder_limit-v_stock.stock_level));
44* end;
SQL> /
Procedure created.
SQL> exec re_order(2,40);
Order OK. Printing Order...
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL> exec re_order(2,0);
BEGIN re_order(2,0); END;
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01476: divisor is equal to zero
ORA-06512: at "SCOTT.RE_ORDER", line 17
ORA-06512: at line 1
SQL>
Hmm, there's a problem if the person specifies a re-order quantity of zero. It raises an unhandled exception.
Well, we could put a condition/check into our code to make sure the parameter is not zero, but again we would be wrapping our code in an IF statement and not dealing with the exception in the exception handler.
We could do as we did before and just include a simple IF statement to check the value and raise our own user defined exception but, in this instance the error is standard Oracle error (ORA-01476) so we should be able to capture it inside the exception handler anyway... however...
EXCEPTION
WHEN ORA-01476 THEN
... is not valid. What we need is to give this Oracle error a name.
This is done by declaring a user defined exception as we did before and then associating that name with the error number using the PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT statement in the declaration section.
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1 create or replace procedure re_order(p_item_id NUMBER, p_quantity NUMBER) is
2 cursor cur_stock_reorder is
3 select s.stock_level
4 ,r.stock_level as reorder_level
5 ,(r.stock_level*4) as reorder_limit
6 ,(((r.stock_level*4)-s.stock_level)/p_quantity) as finance_factor
7 from stock s join reorder_level r on (s.item_id = r.item_id)
8 where s.item_id = p_item_id;
9 --
10 v_stock cur_stock_reorder%ROWTYPE;
11 --
12 -- Let's declare our own exceptions for business logic...
13 exc_not_warranted EXCEPTION;
14 exc_too_much EXCEPTION;
15 --
16 exc_zero_quantity EXCEPTION;
17 PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(exc_zero_quantity, -1476);
18 begin
19 OPEN cur_stock_reorder;
20 FETCH cur_stock_reorder INTO v_stock;
21 IF cur_stock_reorder%NOTFOUND THEN
22 RAISE no_data_found;
23 END IF;
24 CLOSE cur_stock_reorder;
25 --
26 IF v_stock.stock_level >= v_stock.reorder_level THEN
27 -- Stock is not low enough to warrant an order
28 RAISE exc_not_warranted;
29 END IF;
30 --
31 IF v_stock.stock_level + p_quantity > v_stock.reorder_limit THEN
32 -- Required amount is over-ordering
33 RAISE exc_too_much;
34 END IF;
35 --
36 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Order OK. Printing Order...');
37 -- Here goes our code to print the order, passing the finance_factor
38 --
39 exception
40 WHEN exc_zero_quantity THEN
41 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Quantity of 0 (zero) is invalid.');
42 WHEN no_data_found THEN
43 CLOSE cur_stock_reorder;
44 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Invalid Item ID.');
45 WHEN exc_not_warranted THEN
46 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Stock has not reached re-order level yet!');
47 WHEN exc_too_much THEN
48 DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('Quantity specified is too much. Max for this item: '
||to_char(v_stock.reorder_limit-v_stock.stock_level));
49* end;
SQL> /
Procedure created.
SQL> exec re_order(2,0);
Quantity of 0 (zero) is invalid.
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
SQL>
Lastly, let's look at raising our own exceptions with our own exception numbers...
SQL> ed
Wrote file afiedt.buf
1 create or replace procedure re_order(p_item_id NUMBER, p_quantity NUMBER) is
2 cursor cur_stock_reorder is
3 select s.stock_level
4 ,r.stock_level as reorder_level
5 ,(r.stock_level*4) as reorder_limit
6 ,(((r.stock_level*4)-s.stock_level)/p_quantity) as finance_factor
7 from stock s join reorder_level r on (s.item_id = r.item_id)
8 where s.item_id = p_item_id;
9 --
10 v_stock cur_stock_reorder%ROWTYPE;
11 --
12 exc_zero_quantity EXCEPTION;
13 PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT(exc_zero_quantity, -1476);
14 begin
15 OPEN cur_stock_reorder;
16 FETCH cur_stock_reorder INTO v_stock;
17 IF cur_stock_reorder%NOTFOUND THEN
18 RAISE no_data_found;
19 END IF;
20 CLOSE cur_stock_reorder;
21 --
22 IF v_stock.stock_level >= v_stock.reorder_level THEN
23 -- Stock is not low enough to warrant an order
24 [b]RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20000, 'Stock has not reached re-order level yet!');[/b]
25 END IF;
26 --
27 IF v_stock.stock_level + p_quantity > v_stock.reorder_limit THEN
28 -- Required amount is over-ordering
29its nice article, have put up this one the blog
site,Nah, I don't have time to blog, but if one of the other Ace's/Experts wants to copy it to a blog with reference back to here (and all due credit given ;)) then that's fine by me.
I'd go for a book like "Selected articles by OTN members" or something. Does anybody have a list of links of all those mentioned articles?Just these ones I've bookmarked...
Introduction to regular expressions ... by CD
When your query takes too long ... by Rob van Wijk
How to pipeline a function with a dynamic number of columns? by ascheffer
PL/SQL 101 : Exception Handling by BluShadow -
Page gap in DW CS6 tutorial. Please help!
I am getting this gap in my page and it started just after I added this <nav> bar. I have done this lesson several times starting from scratch and it still gives me this gap. I am not sure if the book is missing something or it's me. The book shows no gap in the examples. I would greatly appreciate any help. I am a little new to DW. I took HTML in high school about 16 years ago so I understand some code by hand. Thanks for your time.
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<title>Untitled Document</title>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
body {
font: 100%/1.4 Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
background-color: #FFF;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
color: #000;
/* ~~ Element/tag selectors ~~ */
ul, ol, dl { /* Due to variations between browsers, it's best practices to zero padding and margin on lists. For consistency, you can either specify the amounts you want here, or on the list items (LI, DT, DD) they contain. Remember that what you do here will cascade to the .nav list unless you write a more specific selector. */
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p {
margin-top: 0; /* removing the top margin gets around an issue where margins can escape from their containing block. The remaining bottom margin will hold it away from any elements that follow. */
padding-right: 15px;
padding-left: 15px; /* adding the padding to the sides of the elements within the blocks, instead of the block elements themselves, gets rid of any box model math. A nested block with side padding can also be used as an alternate method. */
a img { /* this selector removes the default blue border displayed in some browsers around an image when it is surrounded by a link */
border: none;
/* ~~ Styling for your site's links must remain in this order - including the group of selectors that create the hover effect. ~~ */
a:link {
color: #42413C;
text-decoration: underline; /* unless you style your links to look extremely unique, it's best to provide underlines for quick visual identification */
a:visited {
color: #6E6C64;
text-decoration: underline;
a:hover, a:active, a:focus { /* this group of selectors will give a keyboard navigator the same hover experience as the person using a mouse. */
text-decoration: none;
/* ~~ This fixed width container surrounds all other blocks ~~ */
.container {
width: 950px;
background-color: #FFFFFF;
margin: 0 auto; /* the auto value on the sides, coupled with the width, centers the layout */
border: 2px solid #060;
/* ~~ The header is not given a width. It will extend the full width of your layout. ~~ */
header {
background-color: #090;
background-image: url(Lessons/images/banner.jpg);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
height: 130px;
/* ~~ These are the columns for the layout. ~~
1) Padding is only placed on the top and/or bottom of the block elements. The elements within these blocks have padding on their sides. This saves you from any "box model math". Keep in mind, if you add any side padding or border to the block itself, it will be added to the width you define to create the *total* width. You may also choose to remove the padding on the element in the block element and place a second block element within it with no width and the padding necessary for your design.
2) No margin has been given to the columns since they are all floated. If you must add margin, avoid placing it on the side you're floating toward (for example: a right margin on a block set to float right). Many times, padding can be used instead. For blocks where this rule must be broken, you should add a "display:inline" declaration to the block element's rule to tame a bug where some versions of Internet Explorer double the margin.
3) Since classes can be used multiple times in a document (and an element can also have multiple classes applied), the columns have been assigned class names instead of IDs. For example, two sidebar blocks could be stacked if necessary. These can very easily be changed to IDs if that's your preference, as long as you'll only be using them once per document.
4) If you prefer your nav on the left instead of the right, simply float these columns the opposite direction (all left instead of all right) and they'll render in reverse order. There's no need to move the blocks around in the HTML source.
.sidebar1 {
float: left;
width: 180px;
background-color: #EADCAE;
padding-bottom: 10px;
.content {
padding: 10px 0;
width: 770px;
float: right;
/* ~~ This grouped selector gives the lists in the .content area space ~~ */
.content ul, .content ol {
padding: 0 15px 15px 40px; /* this padding mirrors the right padding in the headings and paragraph rule above. Padding was placed on the bottom for space between other elements on the lists and on the left to create the indention. These may be adjusted as you wish. */
/* ~~ The navigation list styles (can be removed if you choose to use a premade flyout menu like Spry) ~~ */
ul.nav {
list-style: none; /* this removes the list marker */
border-top: 1px solid #666; /* this creates the top border for the links - all others are placed using a bottom border on the LI */
margin-bottom: 15px; /* this creates the space between the navigation on the content below */
ul.nav li {
border-bottom: 1px solid #666; /* this creates the button separation */
ul.nav a, ul.nav a:visited { /* grouping these selectors makes sure that your links retain their button look even after being visited */
padding: 5px 5px 5px 15px;
display: block; /* this gives the link block properties causing it to fill the whole LI containing it. This causes the entire area to react to a mouse click. */
width: 160px; /*this width makes the entire button clickable for IE6. If you don't need to support IE6, it can be removed. Calculate the proper width by subtracting the padding on this link from the width of your sidebar container. */
text-decoration: none;
background-color: #090;
color: #FFC;
ul.nav a:hover, ul.nav a:active, ul.nav a:focus { /* this changes the background and text color for both mouse and keyboard navigators */
background-color: #ADB96E;
color: #FFF;
/* ~~ The footer ~~ */
footer {
padding: 10px 0;
background-color: #CCC49F;
position: relative;/* this gives IE6 hasLayout to properly clear */
clear: both; /* this clear property forces the .container to understand where the columns end and contain them */
/*HTML 5 support - Sets new HTML 5 tags to display:block so browsers know how to render the tags properly. */
header, section, footer, aside, article, figure {
display: block;
#apDiv1 {
position: absolute;
width: 170px;
height: 158px;
z-index: 1;
margin-top: 10px;
margin-left: 30px;
nav p {
font-size: 90%;
color: #FFC;
text-align: right;
font-weight: bold;
background-color: #090;
padding-top: 5px;
padding-right: 20px;
padding-bottom: 5px;
border-top-width: 2px;
border-top-style: solid;
border-top-color: #060;
-->
</style><!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
<![endif]--></head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div id="apDiv1"><img src="Lessons/images/butterfly-ovr.png" width="170" height="158" alt="GreenStart Logo"></div>
<header></header>
<div class="sidebar1">
<ul class="nav">
<li><a href="#">Green News</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Green Products</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Green Events</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Green Travel</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Green Tips</a></li>
</ul>
<aside>
<p> The above links demonstrate a basic navigational structure using an unordered list styled with CSS. Use this as a starting point and modify the properties to produce your own unique look. If you require flyout menus, create your own using a Spry menu, a menu widget from Adobe's Exchange or a variety of other javascript or CSS solutions.</p>
<p>If you would like the navigation along the top, simply move the ul to the top of the page and recreate the styling.</p>
</aside>
<!-- end .sidebar1 --></div>
<article class="content">
<h1>Instructions</h1>
<section>
<h2>How to use this document</h2>
<p>Be aware that the CSS for these layouts is heavily commented. If you do most of your work in Design view, have a peek at the code to get tips on working with the CSS for the fixed layouts. You can remove these comments before you launch your site. To learn more about the techniques used in these CSS Layouts, read this article at Adobe's Developer Center - <a href="http://www.adobe.com/go/adc_css_layouts.http://www.adobe.com/go/adc_css_layouts">http://www.adobe.com/go/adc_css_layouts</a>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Clearing Method</h2>
<p>Because all the columns are floated, this layout uses a clear:both declaration in the footer rule. This clearing technique forces the .container to understand where the columns end in order to show any borders or background colors you place on the .container. If your design requires you to remove the footer from the .container, you'll need to use a different clearing method. The most reliable will be to add a <br class="clearfloat" /> or <div class="clearfloat"></div> after your final floated column (but before the .container closes). This will have the same clearing effect. </p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Logo Replacement</h2>
<p>An image placeholder was used in this layout in the header where you'll likely want to place a logo. It is recommended that you remove the placeholder and replace it with your own linked logo. </p>
<p> Be aware that if you use the Property inspector to navigate to your logo image using the SRC field (instead of removing and replacing the placeholder), you should remove the inline background and display properties. These inline styles are only used to make the logo placeholder show up in browsers for demonstration purposes. </p>
<p>To remove the inline styles, make sure your CSS Styles panel is set to Current. Select the image, and in the Properties pane of the CSS Styles panel, right click and delete the display and background properties. (Of course, you can always go directly into the code and delete the inline styles from the image or placeholder there.)</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Backgrounds</h2>
<p>By nature, the background color on any block element will only show for the length of the content. This means if you're using a background color or border to create the look of a side column, it won't extend all the way to the footer but will stop when the content ends. If the .content block will always contain more content, you can place a border on the .content block to divide it from the column.</p>
</section>
<!-- end .content --></article>
<footer>
<p>This footer contains the declaration position:relative; to give Internet Explorer 6 hasLayout for the footer and cause it to clear correctly. If you're not required to support IE6, you may remove it.</p>
<address>
Address Content
</address>
</footer>
<!-- end .container --></div>
</body>
</html>Sorry about that. I am not exactly sure where the problem is, but I know it takes place after I put the <nav> in (in the html portion). If I understand what I am learning, the CSS at the top will structure my html code so I would have thought the CSS tageting my nav would be the focus. Maybe it is a different section though.
CSS part:
nav p {
font-size: 90%;
color: #FFC;
text-align: right;
font-weight: bold;
background-color: #090;
padding-top: 5px;
padding-right: 20px;
padding-bottom: 5px;
border-top-width: 2px;
border-top-style: solid;
border-top-color: #060;
HTML part: (bold italic is the part I added)
<body>
<div class="container">
<div id="apDiv1"><img src="Lessons/images/butterfly-ovr.png" width="170" height="158" alt="GreenStart Logo"></div>
<header></header>
<nav>
<p>Home | About Us | Contact Us</p>
</nav>
<div class="sidebar1">
<ul class="nav">
<li><a href="#">Green News</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Green Products</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Green Events</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Green Travel</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Green Tips</a></li>
</ul> -
How do I remove whitespace from a template header
I am trying to work myself thru understanding html coding by using a dreamweaver template and creating a page for my company. I have used dreamweaver before CC, however I am trying to understand the new changes.
I ran into a problem I am hoping to get help with.
I tried swapping out a placeholder logo on the template with my own logo. I seem to have a bit of white space at the bottom of the logo when I see it in live view or a browser. How can I get rid of it. I tried combinations of 0 margins and changing padding, but it seems I'm just whistling in the dark. Here is the code:
The CSS associated with this page is here:
@charset "UTF-8"; body { font: 100%/1.4 Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: #42413C; margin: 0; padding: 0; color: #000; } /* ~~ Element/tag selectors ~~ */ ul, ol, dl { /* Due to variations between browsers, it's best practices to zero padding and margin on lists. For consistency, you can either specify the amounts you want here, or on the list items (LI, DT, DD) they contain. Remember that what you do here will cascade to the .nav list unless you write a more specific selector. */ padding: 0; margin: 0; } h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p { margin-top: 0; /* removing the top margin gets around an issue where margins can escape from their containing block. The remaining bottom margin will hold it away from any elements that follow. */ padding-right: 15px; padding-left: 15px; /* adding the padding to the sides of the elements within the blocks, instead of the block elements themselves, gets rid of any box model math. A nested block with side padding can also be used as an alternate method. */ } a img { /* this selector removes the default blue border displayed in some browsers around an image when it is surrounded by a link */ border: none; } /* ~~ Styling for your site's links must remain in this order - including the group of selectors that create the hover effect. ~~ */ a:link { color: #42413C; text-decoration: underline; /* unless you style your links to look extremely unique, it's best to provide underlines for quick visual identification */ } a:visited { color: #6E6C64; text-decoration: underline; } a:hover, a:active, a:focus { /* this group of selectors will give a keyboard navigator the same hover experience as the person using a mouse. */ text-decoration: none; } /* ~~ This fixed width container surrounds all other blocks ~~ */ .container { width: 960px; background-color: #FFFFFF; margin: 0 auto; /* the auto value on the sides, coupled with the width, centers the layout */ } /* ~~ The header is not given a width. It will extend the full width of your layout. ~~ */ header { background-color: #A36BE8; } /* ~~ These are the columns for the layout. ~~ 1) Padding is only placed on the top and/or bottom of the block elements. The elements within these blocks have padding on their sides. This saves you from any "box model math". Keep in mind, if you add any side padding or border to the block itself, it will be added to the width you define to create the *total* width. You may also choose to remove the padding on the element in the block element and place a second block element within it with no width and the padding necessary for your design. 2) No margin has been given to the columns since they are all floated. If you must add margin, avoid placing it on the side you're floating toward (for example: a right margin on a block set to float right). Many times, padding can be used instead. For blocks where this rule must be broken, you should add a "display:inline" declaration to the block element's rule to tame a bug where some versions of Internet Explorer double the margin. 3) Since classes can be used multiple times in a document (and an element can also have multiple classes applied), the columns have been assigned class names instead of IDs. For example, two sidebar blocks could be stacked if necessary. These can very easily be changed to IDs if that's your preference, as long as you'll only be using them once per document. 4) If you prefer your nav on the left instead of the right, simply float these columns the opposite direction (all left instead of all right) and they'll render in reverse order. There's no need to move the blocks around in the HTML source. */ .sidebar1 { float: right; width: 180px; background-color: #C5C2B8; padding-bottom: 10px; } .content { padding: 10px 0; width: 780px; float: right; } /* ~~ This grouped selector gives the lists in the .content area space ~~ */ .content ul, .content ol { padding: 0 15px 15px 40px; /* this padding mirrors the right padding in the headings and paragraph rule above. Padding was placed on the bottom for space between other elements on the lists and on the left to create the indention. These may be adjusted as you wish. */ } /* ~~ The navigation list styles (can be removed if you choose to use a premade flyout menu like Spry) ~~ */ nav ul{ list-style: none; /* this removes the list marker */ border-top: 1px solid #666; /* this creates the top border for the links - all others are placed using a bottom border on the LI */ margin-bottom: 15px; /* this creates the space between the navigation on the content below */ } nav li { border-bottom: 1px solid #666; /* this creates the button separation */ } nav a, nav a:visited { /* grouping these selectors makes sure that your links retain their button look even after being visited */ padding: 5px 5px 5px 15px; display: block; /* this gives the link block properties causing it to fill the whole LI containing it. This causes the entire area to react to a mouse click. */ width: 160px; /*this width makes the entire button clickable for IE6. If you don't need to support IE6, it can be removed. Calculate the proper width by subtracting the padding on this link from the width of your sidebar container. */ text-decoration: none; background-color: #15EE00; } nav a:hover, nav a:active, nav a:focus { /* this changes the background and text color for both mouse and keyboard navigators */ background-color: #ADB96E; color: #FFF; } /* ~~ The footer ~~ */ footer { padding: 10px 0; background-color: #CCC49F; position: relative;/* this gives IE6 hasLayout to properly clear */ clear: both; /* this clear property forces the .container to understand where the columns end and contain them */ } /*HTML 5 support - Sets new HTML 5 tags to display:block so browsers know how to render the tags properly. */ header, section, footer, aside, article, figure { display: block; }
Thank you for your help!Try this -
<img src="assets/jpgs/Prodigy Logo Large 2014.jpg" width="180" height="180" alt="" style="display:block;">
What you are seeing as whitespace is the space reserved for glyph descenders on any element that is rendered within a text box (i.e., an inline element). By making the image "display:block" you eliminate that space because a block element doesn't have descenders. If that works to your satisfaction then you can give the logo an id, and create a CSS selector containing that block style. -
Sidebar not flush with top border
I am brand new to web design and DW. I can't figure out how to bring my left sidebar flush with the header of the page. I am following along in the DW-CS6 Class in a book. Here is the code.
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Untitled Document</title>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
body {
background-color: #FFF;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
color: #000;
font-family: "Trebuchet MS", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
font-size: 100%;
line-height: 1.4;
/* ~~ Element/tag selectors ~~ */
ul, ol, dl { /* Due to variations between browsers, it's best practices to zero padding and margin on lists. For consistency, you can either specify the amounts you want here, or on the list items (LI, DT, DD) they contain. Remember that what you do here will cascade to the .nav list unless you write a more specific selector. */
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p {
margin-top: 0; /* removing the top margin gets around an issue where margins can escape from their containing block. The remaining bottom margin will hold it away from any elements that follow. */
padding-right: 15px;
padding-left: 15px; /* adding the padding to the sides of the elements within the blocks, instead of the block elements themselves, gets rid of any box model math. A nested block with side padding can also be used as an alternate method. */
.sidebar1 aside {
font-size: 90%;
a img { /* this selector removes the default blue border displayed in some browsers around an image when it is surrounded by a link */
border: none;
/* ~~ Styling for your site's links must remain in this order - including the group of selectors that create the hover effect. ~~ */
a:link {
color: #42413C;
text-decoration: underline; /* unless you style your links to look extremely unique, it's best to provide underlines for quick visual identification */
a:visited {
color: #6E6C64;
text-decoration: underline;
a:hover, a:active, a:focus { /* this group of selectors will give a keyboard navigator the same hover experience as the person using a mouse. */
text-decoration: none;
/* ~~ This fixed width container surrounds all other blocks ~~ */
.container {
width: 950px;
background-color: #FFFFFF;
margin: 0 auto; /* the auto value on the sides, coupled with the width, centers the layout */
border: 2px solid #060;
#logo {
position: absolute;
width: 170px;
height: 158px;
z-index: 1;
margin-top: 10px;
margin-left: 30px;
/* ~~ The header is not given a width. It will extend the full width of your layout. ~~ */
header {
background-color: #090;
background-image: url(images/banner.jpg);
background-repeat: no-repeat;
height: 130px;
/* ~~ These are the columns for the layout. ~~
1) Padding is only placed on the top and/or bottom of the block elements. The elements within these blocks have padding on their sides. This saves you from any "box model math". Keep in mind, if you add any side padding or border to the block itself, it will be added to the width you define to create the *total* width. You may also choose to remove the padding on the element in the block element and place a second block element within it with no width and the padding necessary for your design.
2) No margin has been given to the columns since they are all floated. If you must add margin, avoid placing it on the side you're floating toward (for example: a right margin on a block set to float right). Many times, padding can be used instead. For blocks where this rule must be broken, you should add a "display:inline" declaration to the block element's rule to tame a bug where some versions of Internet Explorer double the margin.
3) Since classes can be used multiple times in a document (and an element can also have multiple classes applied), the columns have been assigned class names instead of IDs. For example, two sidebar blocks could be stacked if necessary. These can very easily be changed to IDs if that's your preference, as long as you'll only be using them once per document.
4) If you prefer your nav on the left instead of the right, simply float these columns the opposite direction (all left instead of all right) and they'll render in reverse order. There's no need to move the blocks around in the HTML source.
.sidebar1 {
float: left;
width: 180px;
background-color: #EADCAE;
padding-bottom: 10px;
.content {
padding: 10px 0;
width: 770px;
float: right;
.content h1 {
font-size: 200%;
margin-top: 10px;
margin-bottom: 5px;
/* ~~ This grouped selector gives the lists in the .content area space ~~ */
.content ul, .content ol {
padding: 0 15px 15px 40px; /* this padding mirrors the right padding in the headings and paragraph rule above. Padding was placed on the bottom for space between other elements on the lists and on the left to create the indention. These may be adjusted as you wish. */
nav p {
font-size: 90%;
font-weight: bold;
color: #FFC;
background-color: #090;
text-align: right;
padding-top: 5px;
padding-right: 20px;
padding-bottom: 5px;
border-bottom-width: 2px;
border-bottom-style: solid;
border-bottom-color: #060;
background-image: url(images/background.png);
background-repeat: repeat-x;
nav p a:link, nav p a:visited {
text-decoration: none;
color: #FFC;
padding: 5px;
nav p a:hover, nav p a:active {
color: #FFF;
background-color: #060;
/* ~~ The navigation list styles (can be removed if you choose to use a premade flyout menu like Spry) ~~ */
ul.nav {
list-style: none; /* this removes the list marker */
border-top: 1px solid #666; /* this creates the top border for the links - all others are placed using a bottom border on the LI */
margin-bottom: 15px; /* this creates the space between the navigation on the content below */
ul.nav li {
border-top-width: 1px;
border-right-width: 1px;
border-bottom-width: 1px;
border-left-width: 1px;
border-top-style: solid;
border-right-style: solid;
border-bottom-style: solid;
border-left-style: solid;
border-top-color: #0C0;
border-right-color: #060;
border-bottom-color: #060;
border-left-color: #0C0;
ul.nav a, ul.nav a:visited { /* grouping these selectors makes sure that your links retain their button look even after being visited */
padding: 5px 5px 5px 15px;
display: block; /* this gives the link block properties causing it to fill the whole LI containing it. This causes the entire area to react to a mouse click. */
width: 160px; /*this width makes the entire button clickable for IE6. If you don't need to support IE6, it can be removed. Calculate the proper width by subtracting the padding on this link from the width of your sidebar container. */
text-decoration: none;
background-color: #090;
color: #FFC;
ul.nav a:hover, ul.nav a:active, ul.nav a:focus { /* this changes the background and text color for both mouse and keyboard navigators */
background-color: #060;
color: #FFF;
/* ~~ The footer ~~ */
footer {
padding: 10px 0;
background-color: #090;
position: relative;/* this gives IE6 hasLayout to properly clear */
clear: both; /* this clear property forces the .container to understand where the columns end and contain them */
font-size: 90%;
color: #FFC;
background-image: url(images/background.png);
background-repeat: repeat-x;
/*HTML 5 support - Sets new HTML 5 tags to display:block so browsers know how to render the tags properly. */
header, section, footer, aside, article, figure {
display: block;
.green {
color: #090;
-->
</style><!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
<![endif]--></head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<div class="green" id="logo"><img src="images/butterfly-ovr.png" width="170" height="158" alt="GreenStart Logo"></div>
<header></header>
<nav>
<p><a href="#">Home</a> | <a href="#">About Us</a> | <a href="#">Contact Us</a></p>
</nav>
<div class="sidebar1">
<ul class="nav">
<li><a href="#">Green News</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Green Products</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Green Events</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Green Travel</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Green Tips</a></li>
</ul>
<aside>
<img name="Sidebar" src="" width="180" height="150" alt="">
<p>Insert caption here</p>
</aside>
<!-- end .sidebar1 --></div>
<article class="content">
<h1>Insert main heading here</h1>
<section>
<h2>Insert subheading here</h2>
<p>Insert content here</p>
</section>
<!-- end .content --></article>
<footer>
<p>Copyright 2012 Meridien GreenStart. All rights reserved.</p>
<address>
Address Content
</address>
</footer>
<!-- end .container --></div>
</body>
</html>
Any help would be greatly appreciated.Add this to the end of your nav p CSS selector at Line 209 of your HTML file, after 'background-repeat...':
margin-bottom: -2px;
Your nav p will then look like this:
nav p {
font-size: 90%;
font-weight: bold;
color: #FFC;
background-color: #090;
text-align: right;
padding-top: 5px;
padding-right: 20px;
padding-bottom: 5px;
border-bottom-width: 2px;
border-bottom-style: solid;
border-bottom-color: #060;
background-image: url(images/background.png);
background-repeat: repeat-x;
margin-bottom: -2px; -
Best Practice for Extracting a Single Value from Oracle Table
I'm using Oracle Database 11g Release 11.2.0.3.0.
I'd like to know the best practice for doing something like this in a PL/SQL block:
DECLARE
v_student_id student.student_id%TYPE;
BEGIN
SELECT student_id
INTO v_student_id
FROM student
WHERE last_name = 'Smith'
AND ROWNUM = 1;
END;
Of course, the problem here is that when there is no hit, the NO_DATA_FOUND exception is raised, which halts execution. So what if I want to continue in spite of the exception?
Yes, I could create a nested block with EXCEPTION section, etc., but that seems clunky for what seems to be a very simple task.
I've also seen this handled like this:
DECLARE
v_student_id student.student_id%TYPE;
CURSOR c_student_id IS
SELECT student_id
FROM student
WHERE last_name = 'Smith'
AND ROWNUM = 1;
BEGIN
OPEN c_student_id;
FETCH c_student_id INTO v_student_id;
IF c_student_id%NOTFOUND THEN
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('not found');
ELSE
(do stuff)
END IF;
CLOSE c_student_id;
END;
But this still seems like killing an ant with a sledge hammer.
What's the best way?
Thanks for any help you can give.
WayneDo not design in order to avoid exceptions. Do not code in order to avoid exceptions.
Exceptions are good. Damn good. As it allows you to catch an unexpected process branch, where execution did not go as planned and coded.
Trying to avoid exceptions is just plain bloody stupid.
As for you specific problem. When the SQL fails to find a row and a value to return, what then? This is unexpected - if you did not want a value, you would not have coded the SQL to find a value. So the SQL not finding a value is an exception to what you intend with your code. And you need to decide what to do with that exception.
How to implement it. The #1 rule in software engineering - modularisation.
E.g.
create or replace function FindSomething( name varchar2 ) return foo.col1%type is
id foo.col1%type;
begin
select col1 into id from foo where col2 = upper(name);
return( id );
exception when NOT_FOUND then
return( null );
end;
And that is your problem. Modularisation. You are not considering it.
And not the only problem mind you. Seems like your keyboard has a stuck capslock key. Writing code in all uppercase is just as bloody silly as trying to avoid exceptions. -
Suppressing ORA-1403 in Forms 6i
We are running FORMS 6i and I am creating a library function that will do various types of lookups and then behave in specific ways based on passed parameters.
How can I over-ride the default ORA-1403 when no records are found in the query?
ThanksUse nested begin-exception-end blocks within the pl/sql code in your pll libraryFunction PLL_Lookup(params in varchar2)
Return varchar2 is
variables here;
Result varchar2(100);
Begin
-- for each select you want, create a nested block:
Begin
select....
Exception when no_data_found then.... ;
End;
-- more pl/sql here
-- Maybe another Begin - Exception - End here...
Return result;
End; -
Foramtting Paragraph in Header
Hi Folks,
Forgive my ignorance I'm only new to Dreamweaver, but I'm having an issue with an html5 template included with DW, the two column. I try to put in a paragraph under the header, between vert menu and image in head, but when I go through the property inspector and select paragraph from the drop down it moves the vert menu down and creates a blank space, sort of like a two line paragraph, I don't want this blank space, any ideas? I'm working through one of those classroom in a book training guides and the egs in that don't have the gap either.
Cheers for you help.Hi,
Oh yeh sorry, i have attached the code as well as a screenshot of the issue in Dreamweaver, as you can see there is a gap between the green header section and the "instructions"/ "link one," this gap only occurred after I attempted to insert a paragraph under format drop down menu in Property Inspector. Note also that I'm modifying the html5 2 column template included with Dreamweaver under html.
I hope this helps.
Thanks again.
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>Untitled Document</title>
<style type="text/css">
<!--
body {
font: 100%/1.4 Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;
background-color: #42413C;
margin: 0;
padding: 0;
color: #000;
/* ~~ Element/tag selectors ~~ */
ul, ol, dl { /* Due to variations between browsers, it's best practices to zero padding and margin on lists. For consistency, you can either specify the amounts you want here, or on the list items (LI, DT, DD) they contain. Remember that what you do here will cascade to the .nav list unless you write a more specific selector. */
padding: 0;
margin: 0;
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p {
margin-top: 0; /* removing the top margin gets around an issue where margins can escape from their containing block. The remaining bottom margin will hold it away from any elements that follow. */
padding-right: 15px;
padding-left: 15px; /* adding the padding to the sides of the elements within the blocks, instead of the block elements themselves, gets rid of any box model math. A nested block with side padding can also be used as an alternate method. */
a img { /* this selector removes the default blue border displayed in some browsers around an image when it is surrounded by a link */
border: none;
/* ~~ Styling for your site's links must remain in this order - including the group of selectors that create the hover effect. ~~ */
a:link {
color: #42413C;
text-decoration: underline; /* unless you style your links to look extremely unique, it's best to provide underlines for quick visual identification */
a:visited {
color: #6E6C64;
text-decoration: underline;
a:hover, a:active, a:focus { /* this group of selectors will give a keyboard navigator the same hover experience as the person using a mouse. */
text-decoration: none;
/* ~~ This fixed width container surrounds all other blocks ~~ */
.container {
width: 960px;
background-color: #FFFFFF;
margin: 0 auto; /* the auto value on the sides, coupled with the width, centers the layout */
/* ~~ The header is not given a width. It will extend the full width of your layout. ~~ */
header {
background-color: #ADB96E;
/* ~~ These are the columns for the layout. ~~
1) Padding is only placed on the top and/or bottom of the block elements. The elements within these blocks have padding on their sides. This saves you from any "box model math". Keep in mind, if you add any side padding or border to the block itself, it will be added to the width you define to create the *total* width. You may also choose to remove the padding on the element in the block element and place a second block element within it with no width and the padding necessary for your design.
2) No margin has been given to the columns since they are all floated. If you must add margin, avoid placing it on the side you're floating toward (for example: a right margin on a block set to float right). Many times, padding can be used instead. For blocks where this rule must be broken, you should add a "display:inline" declaration to the block element's rule to tame a bug where some versions of Internet Explorer double the margin.
3) Since classes can be used multiple times in a document (and an element can also have multiple classes applied), the columns have been assigned class names instead of IDs. For example, two sidebar blocks could be stacked if necessary. These can very easily be changed to IDs if that's your preference, as long as you'll only be using them once per document.
4) If you prefer your nav on the left instead of the right, simply float these columns the opposite direction (all left instead of all right) and they'll render in reverse order. There's no need to move the blocks around in the HTML source.
.sidebar1 {
float: right;
width: 180px;
background-color: #EADCAE;
padding-bottom: 10px;
.content {
padding: 10px 0;
width: 780px;
float: right;
/* ~~ This grouped selector gives the lists in the .content area space ~~ */
.content ul, .content ol {
padding: 0 15px 15px 40px; /* this padding mirrors the right padding in the headings and paragraph rule above. Padding was placed on the bottom for space between other elements on the lists and on the left to create the indention. These may be adjusted as you wish. */
/* ~~ The navigation list styles (can be removed if you choose to use a premade flyout menu like Spry) ~~ */
ul.nav {
list-style: none; /* this removes the list marker */
border-top: 1px solid #666; /* this creates the top border for the links - all others are placed using a bottom border on the LI */
margin-bottom: 15px; /* this creates the space between the navigation on the content below */
ul.nav li {
border-bottom: 1px solid #666; /* this creates the button separation */
ul.nav a, ul.nav a:visited { /* grouping these selectors makes sure that your links retain their button look even after being visited */
padding: 5px 5px 5px 15px;
display: block; /* this gives the link block properties causing it to fill the whole LI containing it. This causes the entire area to react to a mouse click. */
width: 160px; /*this width makes the entire button clickable for IE6. If you don't need to support IE6, it can be removed. Calculate the proper width by subtracting the padding on this link from the width of your sidebar container. */
text-decoration: none;
background-color: #C6D580;
ul.nav a:hover, ul.nav a:active, ul.nav a:focus { /* this changes the background and text color for both mouse and keyboard navigators */
background-color: #ADB96E;
color: #FFF;
/* ~~ The footer ~~ */
footer {
padding: 10px 0;
background-color: #CCC49F;
position: relative;/* this gives IE6 hasLayout to properly clear */
clear: both; /* this clear property forces the .container to understand where the columns end and contain them */
/*HTML 5 support - Sets new HTML 5 tags to display:block so browsers know how to render the tags properly. */
header, section, footer, aside, article, figure {
display: block;
-->
</style><!--[if lt IE 9]>
<script src="http://html5shiv.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/html5.js"></script>
<![endif]--></head>
<body>
<div class="container">
<header>
<p> </p>
</header>
<div class="sidebar1">
<ul class="nav">
<li><a href="#">Link one</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Link two</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Link three</a></li>
<li><a href="#">Link four</a></li>
</ul>
<aside>
<p> The above links demonstrate a basic navigational structure using an unordered list styled with CSS. Use this as a starting point and modify the properties to produce your own unique look. If you require flyout menus, create your own using a Spry menu, a menu widget from Adobe's Exchange or a variety of other javascript or CSS solutions.</p>
<p>If you would like the navigation along the top, simply move the ul to the top of the page and recreate the styling.</p>
</aside>
<!-- end .sidebar1 --></div>
<article class="content">
<h1>Instructions</h1>
<section>
<h2>How to use this document</h2>
<p>Be aware that the CSS for these layouts is heavily commented. If you do most of your work in Design view, have a peek at the code to get tips on working with the CSS for the fixed layouts. You can remove these comments before you launch your site. To learn more about the techniques used in these CSS Layouts, read this article at Adobe's Developer Center - <a href="http://www.adobe.com/go/adc_css_layouts">http://www.adobe.com/go/adc_css_layouts</a>.</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Clearing Method</h2>
<p>Because all the columns are floated, this layout uses a clear:both declaration in the footer rule. This clearing technique forces the .container to understand where the columns end in order to show any borders or background colors you place on the .container. If your design requires you to remove the footer from the .container, you'll need to use a different clearing method. The most reliable will be to add a <br class="clearfloat" /> or <div class="clearfloat"></div> after your final floated column (but before the .container closes). This will have the same clearing effect. </p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Logo Replacement</h2>
<p>An image placeholder was used in this layout in the header where you'll likely want to place a logo. It is recommended that you remove the placeholder and replace it with your own linked logo. </p>
<p> Be aware that if you use the Property inspector to navigate to your logo image using the SRC field (instead of removing and replacing the placeholder), you should remove the inline background and display properties. These inline styles are only used to make the logo placeholder show up in browsers for demonstration purposes. </p>
<p>To remove the inline styles, make sure your CSS Styles panel is set to Current. Select the image, and in the Properties pane of the CSS Styles panel, right click and delete the display and background properties. (Of course, you can always go directly into the code and delete the inline styles from the image or placeholder there.)</p>
</section>
<section>
<h2>Backgrounds</h2>
<p>By nature, the background color on any block element will only show for the length of the content. This means if you're using a background color or border to create the look of a side column, it won't extend all the way to the footer but will stop when the content ends. If the .content block will always contain more content, you can place a border on the .content block to divide it from the column.</p>
</section>
<!-- end .content --></article>
<footer>
<p>This footer contains the declaration position:relative; to give Internet Explorer 6 hasLayout for the footer and cause it to clear correctly. If you're not required to support IE6, you may remove it.</p>
<address>
Address Content
</address>
</footer>
<!-- end .container --></div>
</body>
</html>
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