Normalization and denormalization

Hi,
what is normalization and denormalization ?
How to implement that while design (OLTP,OLAP).
I read the oracle documents it is very hard to understand that..
please anyone tell the examples.

user3266490 wrote:
Hi,
what is normalization and denormalization ?
How to implement that while design (OLTP,OLAP).
I read the oracle documents it is very hard to understand that..
please anyone tell the examples.Normalization is not an Oracle issue, it is a basic data design issue. Ideally it would apply to all systems, not just rdbms systems and certainly not to just Oracle. Where have you tried to find information on it? Something as simple as http://lmgtfy.com/?q=data+normalization
Data normalization is so basic to systems design, I'm astounded that at the number of people who call themselves professionals who don't even know what it is. I won't even venture (in a public forum) a guess on how that happens.

Similar Messages

What is normalization and denormalization in BW

Hi,
i am new to BW i have searched few forums regarding this.
some people are telling the if the data in the table is divided in to two tables that is called normalization if suppose if we want to divide the data in to two tables on what condition we will divide. kindly can any one tell me with the example i am confused with this topic.
Thanks & Regards,
Naveen

Hi,
If a table contain below three statements
DATA REDUNDENCY
COMPLEXITY OF DATA
DATABASE STORAGE CAPACITY
that table is called as DE-NORMALIZED table.
So we need to convert these de-normalized tables into normalized tables are called as NORMALIZATION.
We have some predefined NORMAL forms based on that we can devide that table.
Example:
CNO    MNO   ADDRESS      PRICE
C100   M100   INDIA             100
C200   M200   INDIA             200
C300   M300   INDIA             300
C400   M400   INDIA             500
C500   M500   INDIA             600
In above example see the address all the customers having the same address. So insted of entering the same address for all the customers we can create the other table for ADDRESS and we maintain all the address in that table.and refer that table for each and customer to get the corresponding address.
If we have C100 customer transactions 200 times in this case, why should i enter the same address 200 times, it gives the data redundency. So i can maintain the C100 address in Address table and refer that address for C100.
I hope that example will help you.
Regards,
Yerrabelli.

Database Normalization and Normal Forms

Hi All,
I want to know what is database normalization and how do we differentiate between differnt normal forms.wat is the difference b/w first,second,third ,fourth and fifth normal forms.
How do we recognize that in which normal form a table is in.
All ur help will be heartly appreciated.
Thanks and regards,

There is a good introduction to Normalisation on the Wikipedia. While you're at it memorise the 12 Rules of Codd (there are in fact thirteen of them due to the presence of a Rule 0).
How do we recognize that in which normal form a table is in.By using skill and judgement. Normalisation refers to data redundancy within a database, so it might be difficult to spot duplicated data in a single table. The absence of unique keys is one indicator. The presence of column names like XXX_DATE_1, XXX_QTY_1, XXX_DATE_2, XXX_QTY_2,etc is another. Currently I am working on a datawarehouse with feeds from some very old systems; one has tables with columns like SOME_CONDITION_Y and SOME_CONDITION_N - these are flag columns if SOME_CONDITION_Y is null and SOME_CONDITION_N is not null then SOME_CONDITION is false. One such flag has four of these columns!
Cheers, APC

What's the difference between "Normalization" and "Change Gain" ?

So I've got a bunch of tracks that I've mixed down and bounced to 24-bit stereo AIFF files. Next, I'll be mastering those bounced files with the Linear Phase EQ, followed by the Multipressor (if needed) and ending with the AdLimiter.
Needless to say, I'd like for all the tracks to have the same relative volume before starting the mastering process.
-3db is my desired level as it will give me a little room to play with during the mastering.
Anyway, I figured that I could simply normalize all the bounced files to -3db in the sample editor before mastering. But while looking into normalizing in the manual, I noticed the change gain function listed right below it.
However, unless I'm missing something, I don't see a real difference between the two.
Could any of you experts out there tell me if there is a real difference bewteen them? Are there clear advantages to using one over the other?
Thanks,
Ken
17" MacBook Pro "SABRINA": 2.16 GHz, 2GB RAM, 256MB VRAM, 100GB/7200 RPM HD Mac OS X (10.4.7)
Logic Pro 7.2 User

Changing gain = changing gain. There's no functional difference, as I understand it, regardless of how the function is labeled. For example, if you have a waveform that peaks at -3 dB and you normalize it, the entire waveform's amplitude is recalculated so that now the -3 dB point is at a 0dB. This means that every other sample in the waveform had to also have its amplitude multiplied by some factor that results in an increase of 3 dB for every part of that waveform, proportionally. This means that your track will not sound more dynamic. It will have exactly the same dynamics as before, but the overall volume is greater. It's like turning up the volume control. Done.
If you used "change gain" instead of normalize and you changed the gain +3 dB, you'd be performing exactly the same function as described above, yes?
To take this one step further... if you didn't bother to analyze what level the waveform peaked at but used Change Gain to create an arbitrary +3 dB gain change, the waveform may clip if its peak amplitude was already pretty hot (Logic will warn you of this, but doesn't prevent you from creating a clipped waveform). On the other hand, the Normalize function performs an "auto peak search" before it sets out to increase the amplitude of the overall waveform so that the peak resides at 0 dB. Indeed, if you try to normalize an already normalized waveform, Logic will issue an alert message saying something like "already at maximum volume" or something like that, and no processing takes place.
So in a nutshell, Normalize will increase (and only increase) the gain of a waveform by first searching for the peak in that waveform and then increasing the overall gain of the entire waveform such that the peak resides at 0 dB. Change Gain allows you to increase or decrease the gain of a waveform (or a selected part of a waveform) by whatever amount YOU set it to be.
Kenmitch, I'm not convinced that your formulaic approch to mastering is going to give you the best sonic results. For one thing, pre-normalizing your tracks is apt to create headroom problems. I wouldn't do it.

Normalization vs Denormalization

I have a order transaction table as subitem level.
The table order_subitem is 30 column table with 300 million rows and is about 60 GB is size.
The table has been denormalized with item and order level attributes.
Will breaking the table in to 4 tables (normalizing) and then creating a view for the user help in terms of user query performance ?

It really depends on the structure of the data and the type of queries users run. It is possible to improve query performance by denormalizing a set of normalized tables. On the other hand, it is possible to improve query performance by denormalizing a gargantuan table, particularly if that makes the data more compact. Without seeing the alternatives and understanding the type of queries you use, it is very difficult to know which situation most resembles yours.
Justin
Distributed Database Consulting, Inc.
http://www.ddbcinc.com/askDDBC

Denormalization vs Normalization

Could someone please define and explain the difference between 'normalization' and 'denormalization' in reference to BW terminology?
Thank you in advance!

Hai Shelly,
 The following example may explain you better:
If you have a table
TABLE1
0COMPANYCODE 0DIVISION 0CUSTOMER ZRECORDS
============....=========....==========....========
1001............LFA...........115........... 5
1001............POC...........121........... 9
1002............USA...........006........... 2
1002............IN ...........568........... 7
 The primary key for this table is 0COMPANYCODE and 0CUSTOMER. For the same company code there are multiple values for 0DIVISION. In a database, if the data is stored in the above form, it creates a performance problem. So, instead of having one single table like the above, its divided into two tables as below
TABLE2
0COMPANYCODE 0CUSTOMER ZRECORDS
============....============...========
1001................115..........5
1001................121..........9
1002................006..........2
1002................568..........7
TABLE3
0COMPANYCODE 0DIVISION
============...=========
1001.............LFA
1001.............POC
1002.............USA
1002.............IN
 Having tables 2 and 3 are advantageous in DB. Having data in TABLE1 is called "DENORMALIZATION" and having the same data in two different tables TABLE2 and TABLE3 is nothing but "NORMALIZATION". But for BW if the data is in two difefrent tables, you need a join and it takes more time to read and link the data killing performance. So, the TABLE1 is preferred. If you want to make a report of Number of records by Division, you can just create a query very easily with Table1 but its not that easy when you have data seperated in TABLE2 adn TABLE3.
Hope this helps.

Steps of normalization

hi ,
please explain me the what is normalization and denormalization with the examples.
thanks

Please go to the following links.
http://databases.about.com/od/specificproducts/a/normalization.htm
http://www.databasejournal.com/sqletc/article.php/1428511

Entity

1.What is Strong and weak entiry and difference between them?
2. What is Hierarchy and difference between Internal and External hierarchies?
3. What is Normalization and Denormalization?
4.What is Database Consistuency?
5.What is OLAP and Difference between MOLAP and ROLAP?
6. What is reference Integrity?
Please search the forum before posting thread. Or You can just google all these things
Edited by: Pravender on Sep 15, 2010 12:52 PM

For read-write entity bean, the stub is not a replica-aware stub, so all the
 calls goes to the same bean instance. If server goes down, we should use
 home stub to find a new instance again.
 For read-only entity bean, the stub is replica-aware stub, so the calls will
 be load balanced, that means the subseauent call may goes to another server.
 If the server goes down, there will be fail over.
 For another case, if your entity's client, for example a session bean,
 reside on the same server as the entity bean, then all the calls will go to
 the same server. This is the optimization of WLS.
 Wenji
 "Dave" <[email protected]> wrote in message
 news:[email protected]..
 >
 > Hi! I've got one more question: If I have a remote interface to an entity
 bean
 > that was created or found on a particular server in a cluster, will all
 subsequent
 > calls on a remote stub be directed to that same server where the actual
 instance
 > is? What will happen if the server goes down???
 >
 > Thank you very much.

How to normalize data in BW and in Bex Report

Hello Experts,
Could you please clarify me with the followings please?
1. How to normalize data in BW and in Bex Report?
2. What are the best designs for data normalization and where?
3. What are the advantages and disadvantages for BW data normalization / denormalization?
Need your guidance and will appreciate help.
Thanks in advance.
Regards,
Bhakta

Hi,
You can do this in the report. See here for details:
http://help.sap.com/saphelp_nw04s/helpdata/en/1f/25883ce5bd7b1de10000000a114084/content.htm
Hope this helps...

Audio Gain and Normalize - different in CS4 to CS3 - problem

Before in CS3, if an audio clip was peaking into the red I'd just right click, select Audio Gain, then click Normalize and then OK - the audio would be normalized and no more peaking into the red. Now in CS4, the right click Audio Gain brings up 4 options. Say if the Peak Amplitude is -0.5dB, which of the 4 options do I select to normalize, and what dB number would I put in to stop peaking into the red? I've tried lots of things but the sound meter still shows peaking! This used to be super easy in CS3—what is method now for CS4?
Any help please!!

One thing to consider is that if your Audio has already been recorded and you're peaking, you can Normalize, or otherwise process your Audio, but you're already clipping signals. It takes a lot to try and restore that "clipped" signal and you can only come close. The -3db/-5db is great for when the recording is being done. If the levels were exceeded at the time of the recording, and that is all that you have, then most processes in post will only be working with the clipped signal.
I usually shoot for -5db in the recording process and then maintain something in the -5db to -3db range when editing. This way, I am working with the full, un-clipped signal.
Also remember that with most "normalization" processes, you just establish the max for that signal, clipped or not, and then bring up the quieter passages to relate to that. Is that what you really want to do? Better to record the Audio at the proper level, with no clipping to begin with.
Good luck,
Hunt

Is there a way of lowering/increasing volume on voice and music

Is there a way in iMovie 8 to lower/increase voice and or music, like on iMovie HD you could when you were seeing the audio tracks?

So now what happens if the audio controls never pop up?
When I click on the audio button I don't get an "audio adjustment window".
Is there another way to bring it up?
According to apple support:
To normalize clip volumes:
Select a clip you want to normalize and then click the Audio Adjustments button to open the Audio Adjustments window.
In the Audio Adjustments window, click Normalize Clip Volume.
Select the next clip in your project that you want to normalize, and then click Normalize Clip Volume again.
Repeat step 3 for each project clip that you want to normalize.
When you’re finished, click Done.

What is the difference between Category Mgmt and Spend Analysis?

Hi Friends
What is the difference between Category Mgmt and Spend Analysis?
Regards
Chinna Krishna

Hi Chinna
Here are my two cents on this questions
1. Catagory Management : It pertains to all sourcing activities that a purchasing group does for a specific catagory of items ( say tyres, bearings, etc. in automobile industry scenario OR steel sheets, electric motor, etc. in consumer durables industry scenario) in order to meet companies strategic goals like cost, quality, delivery and new product introduction. It also involves the strategic sourcing piece for that category. Typically it can include following activities for a category which is being managed
- Identifying current and future business & technical requirements
- Constant vigilence and analysis of supply market for that category ( and also identifying new sources)
- Lauching various projects within category focussed on cost reduction, quality improvement, delivery improvement. This may include some of activities like supplier analysis. RFx, Reverse auctions, contract negotiation, etc.
- Monitoring the category specific supplier performance
Category Management team typically consists of cross functional team and it is iterative process (continuous improvement).
Category Management in covered to some extent in E-Sourcing application and its analysis is covered in Spend Analytics application. Fully blown category management is on road map of SAP but none of the current functionalities addresses it fully.
2. Spend Analysis: This involves analysis of the spend at highest level of organization. To improve the data quality, it typically involves spend data standardization & enrichment, supplier normalization and spend categorization. Once you have clean data, one can slice and dice the data to gain insight into the spend and identify opportunities for launching the various initiatives focussed on cost, quality and delivery.
SAP Spend Analytics application covers this spend analysis capability.
Its a long answer and hope it helps you.
Bhushan

Volume, Normalize, Louder Button, Hard Limit, Equalize

I have some fairly decent and really quite beautiful recordings of live readings of classical English poetry by professional actors to which I own the copyright. I want to put them up on one of my websites as a free offering to students and professors and anyone else interested. That means I would be saving the edited Soundbooth files as mp3s.
I have 3 qs:
1. When dealing with a Soundbooth file in Soundbooth, what standard of normality should I use for the volume? Should I keep my speakers at medium volume or turn them to their lowest or highest?
2. They sound a little low at medium volume right now. So assuming that's where the dial should be, what do I do to the file in Soundbooth? Should I select <normalize> and then <hard limit>? Should I click 2x on the <louder button> to make them louder and reach <hard limit>? Should I simply click on the <equalize> button? Should I click on the <equalize> button and then on something else? Is there a right way of doing this?
3. If not. Can anyone volunteer how he/she would go with this? Each of the above in my #2 seems to give a different result.
Best & thanks,
Karla

@Dave_LaRonde Mylenium
Thanks guys. I know AE's audio capabilities are severely malnourished. So... I accept that there is NOT a solution inside AE for my question. I know there are infinite ways to batch process audio outside of AE. We use Audition, and some nice VST plugins... so, IF we had the luxury of mastering audio outside of AE, we would. We do as much normalizing as possible before we include files into the audio libraries: sample/bit rates, mono, hard limiting, etc.
Our workflow is such that we have a vast library of audio variables that are sitting on a server. We receive a data set from our client that indicates which specific audio variables to incorporate into an AE project. Then our visual elements are also scripted (specifically text layers, captions) to correspond to the audio. (Think audio/visual mad libs).... We can't possibly build all the combinations and master them in advance.
Our workflow is: receive data, run script, import relevant audio files into an .aep, edit corresponding text layer values, render, deliver to corresponding target recipient (each one getting a unique video). It's kind of a realtime workflow, meaning the whole process takes about 5 minutes to return 1000s of customized video experiences. Does that make sense?
Anyway, I really value both your experience in AE. I'm using new Adobe ID, so I look like a new guy, but have been using the forums for a couple years and often found your answers and insights to be most helpful! Thanks.

Has anyone tried the Normalizer app?

Has anyone tried the Normalizer app? We are looking for something that will normalize job level for us. The only app I have found was the normalizer and a lot of the links on their website don't work and it doesn't look like they have has any activity on their site for over 6 months.

Great!! Thanks LB
From: Leigh Burke
Sent: Sunday, January 04, 2015 2:14 PM
To: Thomas Reyto
Subject: You have been mentioned by Leigh Burke in Re: Has anyone tried the Normalizer app? in Topliners
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by HYPERLINK "http://topliners.eloqua.com/people/lburke?et=notification.mention"Leigh Burke in Re: Has anyone tried the Normalizer app? in Topliners - HYPERLINK "http://topliners.eloqua.com/message/56819?et=notification.mention#56819"View Leigh Burke's reference to you

Normalization Assistance!

I am a newbie to Oracle SQL Developer. I need help in finding out how to normalize data from excel spreadsheet and then to create an entity relationship diagram after that. I have seen how to import the excel file column's, but my question is do I need to create a new table for each item such as city, state etc? There is data already inputed, but needs to be normalized I.E. 1NF, 2NF etc. Any help would be appreciated!

Welcome to the forum!
Whenever you post please provide the full version number of sql developer, platform and 4 digit Oracle version (result of SELECT * FROM V$VERSION).
This question has components about normalization and entity relationships so it is a little fuzzy as to which forums might provide the best help.
This forum might have some help for both aspects but I suggest you cross-post in the General Database forum at
General Database Discussions
NOTE: generally cross-posting is frowned on but in some cases it is appropriate. If you post this question in the other forum provide a link in this post to the other thread and vice versa. That way users can reference both threads easily. And if you like you may indicate that I suggested that you post in the other thread also; anyone that objects can direct they objections to me.
>
I need help in finding out how to normalize data from excel spreadsheet and then to create an entity relationship diagram after that. I have seen how to import the excel file column's, but my question is do I need to create a new table for each item such as city, state etc? There is data already inputed, but needs to be normalized I.E. 1NF, 2NF etc.
>
First, there doesn't seem to be a generally agreed upon definition of what the requirements for each normal form actually are.
Second, not all tables need to be normalized to ANY of the forms. That statement will probably surprise some people.
The following uses the wiki for discussion purposes but does not imply that those definitions are correct in all respects.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_normal_form
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_normal_form
1NF, condition #3 says no duplicate rows. Then says
>
Examples of tables (or views) that would not meet this definition of 1NF are:
A table that lacks a unique key. Such a table would be able to accommodate duplicate rows, in violation of condition 3.
>
But log tables that record sequential logging operations might contain duplicate rows so would not be 1NF.
This could be technically mitigated by using a sequence number as a unique key but that doesn't really address the issue of the actual data being duplicated. So different authors have different opinions on whether that 'technical' correction actually converts the table to 1NF.
Condition 4 says
>
Every row-and-column intersection contains exactly one value from the applicable domain (and nothing else).
>
and then goes on to say that a violation of this is
>
A table with at least one nullable attribute. A nullable attribute would be in violation of condition 4, which requires every field to contain exactly one value from its column's domain. It should be noted, however, that this aspect of condition 4 is controversial. It marks an important departure from Codd's later vision of the relational model,[6] which made explicit provision for nulls.[7]
>
In ALL systems I have worked on over a 20 year period I have rarely seen a table that did not have at least one nullable column. And note that the comment indicates that the nullable aspect is controversial.
I while some basic normalization is good and appropriate it would be unreasonable and perhaps even unattainable to try to strictly implement any particular definition of the normal forms.
For some use cases, OLAP data warehouses for example, some data items are intentionally de-normalized to improve performance. A requirement to normalize ALL data in ALL tables would be inadvisable.
I suggest you review examples such as those in the wiki and implement the major areas of normalization shown in 1NF and 2NF before beginning entity relationship work.
Then if you have specific questions provide your sample tables and data so we can try to reproduce the issue you are having.

Normalization and denormalization

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