Singleton vs static - which is better?

Of the two approaches -
a class which can be used by accessing its ONLY instance(singleton) or a class which has a set of static methods which can be invoked on the class itself
which is better and why? Or are these just two 'styles' of programming?
I always get confused as to which way to go? I tend to prefer to have static methods on the class instead of a singleton.
All insights/comments/ideas welcome.
Thanks

Well, there are a few questions you can ask - does the method cause any changes of state, or is it a pure function? If the latter, static is probably the way to go.
The way you are talking, I gather that there is some state involved.
Next question: does it make sense for there to be more than one of these per JVM? Not only in the way you currently envision it, but at all, anywhere. For example, consider the list of Strings that the String class keeps so it can consolidate memory and avoid duplication (see String.intern() ). That list makes sense to be static.
On the other hand, the representation of the state of a board game should not be static, because someone could want to write a program which has multiple games within it - or you could within one game wish to have contingencies or undo-ability (essentially, it might not be as singleton as you think).
Next, if you think the methods will ever need to be overridden, use a singleton, because static methods aren't, well, dynamic! (in case the singleton is a one-at-a-time singleton but it makes sense to have a change of identity over time).
I have never written a true singleton - though often written classes which I did not PLAN on instantiating more than once.

Similar Messages

Which is better, Double Buffering 1, or Double Buffering 2??

Hi,
I came across a book that uses a completely different approach to double buffering. I use this method:
private Graphics dbg;
private Image dbImage;
public void update() {
if (dbImage == null) {
    dbImage = createImage(this.getSize().width, this.getSize().height);
    dbg = dbImage.getGraphics();
dbg.setColor(this.getBackground());
dbg.fillRect(0, 0, this.getSize().width, this.getSize().height);
dbg.setColor(this.getForeground());
paint(dbg);
g.drawImage(dbImage, 0, 0, this);
}that was my method for double buffering, and this is the books method:
import java.awt.*;
public class DB extends Canvas {
     private Image[] backing = new Image[2];
     private int imageToDraw = 0;
     private int imageNotDraw = 1;
     public void update(Graphics g) {
          paint(g);
     public synchronized void paint(Graphics g) {
          g.drawImage(backing[imageToDraw], 0, 0, this);
     public void addNotify() {
          super.addNotify();
          backing[0] = createImage(400, 400);
          backing[1] = createImage(400, 400);
          setSize(400, 400);
          new Thread(
               new Runnable() {
                    private int direction = 1;
                    private int position = 0;
                    public void run() {
                         while (true) {
                              try {
                                   Thread.sleep(10);
                              }catch (InterruptedException ex) {
                              Graphics g = backing[imageNotDraw].getGraphics();
                              g.clearRect(0, 0, 400, 400);
                                                g.setColor(Color.black);
                              g.drawOval(position, 200 - position, 400 - (2 * position), 72 * position);
                              synchronized (DB.this) {
                                   int temp = imageNotDraw;
                                   imageNotDraw = imageToDraw;
                                   imageToDraw = temp;
                              position += direction;
                              if (position > 199) {
                                   direction = -1;
                              }else if (position < 1) {
                                   direction = 1;
                              repaint();
          ).start();
     public static void main(String args[]) {
          Frame f = new Frame("Double Buffering");
          f.add(new DB(), BorderLayout.CENTER);
          f.pack();
          f.show();
}which is better? I noticed smoother animation with the later method.
Is there no difference? Or is it just a figment of my imagination??

To be fair if you download an applet all the class files are stored in your .jpi_cache, and depending on how that game requests its graphics sometimes they are stored there to, so really if you have to download an applet game twice, blame the programmer (I've probably got that dead wrong :B ).
But, what's wrong with Jars. They offer so much more.
No offence meant by this Malohkan but if you can't organize your downloaded files the internet must really be a landmine for you :)
Personally I'd be happy if I never seen another applet again, it seems java is tied to this legacy, and to the average computer user it seems that is all java is capable of.
Admitidly there are some very funky applets out here using lots of way over my head funky pixel tricks, but they would look so much better running full screen and offline.

Which is better? Code comparsion of performance and style

Recently I run into a discussion over a small piece of code. Could help me which is better, either in performance or coding style? The code is not complete, the question is the use of local cancellationNumber variable.
public String cancelAction(/**/) {
/* some code */
        String cancellationNumber = result.getCancellationNumber();
        if (empty(cancellationNumber)) {
            throw new Exception("Did not receive a cancellation number!");
        return cancellationNumber;
    }or
public String cancelAction(/**/) {
/* some code */
        if (empty(result.getCancellationNumber()) {
            throw new Exception("Did not receive a cancellation number!");
        return result.getCancellationNumber();
    }

Yes, I know profiling can be misleading, also compiler optimization adds to the picture. However seeing the numbers differentially, I think there is still some information, which is faster, even if taking it completely out scope. I didn't paste the code, because it's so trivial. I run the two methods in a loop with same arguments.
With increased loop count, the difference is 6-7%, cancelActionWithLocal being faster. But this can be pointless, I know.
package org.helloprofile;
import static org.helloprofile.Util.empty;
import java.util.Locale;
public class CUT {
    public String cancelActionWithoutLocal(Locale locale, String email, long itineraryId, String confirmationId) throws Exception {
        Result result = new Result();
        if (empty(result.getCancellationNumber())) {
            throw new Exception("Did not receive a cancellation number!");
        return result.getCancellationNumber();
    public String cancelActionWithLocal(Locale locale, String email, long actionId, String confirmationId) throws Exception {
        Result result = new Result();
        String cancellationNumber = result.getCancellationNumber();
        if (empty(cancellationNumber)) {
            throw new Exception("Did not receive a cancellation number!");
        return cancellationNumber;
}Thanks for the comments!

Xerces or JDOM which is better?

hi all
i would like to ask for some opinions.
Xerces and JDOM which is better?
thanks!

This dude is right. JDOM6 is the bomb.
here is a little present:
import java.io.*;
import java.io.File;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import org.jdom.Document;
import org.jdom.Element;
import org.jdom.JDOMException;
import org.jdom.adapters.*;
import org.jdom.adapters.CrimsonDOMAdapter;
import org.jdom.input.DOMBuilder;
import org.jdom.output.XMLOutputter;
public class xmltest
// Global value so it can be ref'd by the tree-adapter
public static Document document;
public static DOMBuilder builder;
public static String product_name, description, price;
public static Double checkPrice;
public static void readDoc()throws IOException, JDOMException
builder = new DOMBuilder();
try {
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(new File("settings.xml"));
document = builder.build(in);
in.close();
} catch (IOException ioe) {
ioe.printStackTrace();
public static void listProducts()throws IOException, JDOMException
readDoc();
Element root = document.getRootElement();
List products = root.getChildren();
Iterator productsIterator = products.iterator();
System.out.println("Currently " + products.size() + " products.");
while(productsIterator.hasNext()){
Element productElement = (Element)productsIterator.next();
List product = productElement.getChildren();
System.out.println(productElement.getTextTrim());
Iterator productIterator = product.iterator();
while(productIterator.hasNext()){
Element attElement = (Element)productIterator.next();
System.out.println(attElement.getName() + " : " + attElement.getText());
public static void removeProduct(String productName)throws IOException, JDOMException
readDoc();
Element root = document.getRootElement();
List products = root.getChildren();
Iterator productsIterator = products.iterator();
root.removeChildren();
while(productsIterator.hasNext()){
Element tempElement = (Element)productsIterator.next();
if(!tempElement.getTextTrim().equals(productName)){
root.addContent(tempElement);
document.setRootElement(root);
saveChanges();
public static void addProduct(String product_name, String description, String price)throws IOException, JDOMException
readDoc();
Element product = new Element("product");
Element root = document.getRootElement();
product.addContent(product_name);
product.addContent(new Element("description").addContent(description));
product.addContent(new Element("price").addContent(price).addAttribute("currency", "US"));
root.addContent(product);
saveChanges();
public static void saveChanges(){
try {
XMLOutputter outputter = new XMLOutputter();
FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("settings.xml");
outputter.output(document, writer);
writer.close();
} catch (java.io.IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
public static void main(String argv[])throws IOException, JDOMException
int selection;
for(;;){
System.out.println("1. Add a product\n2. Remove a product\n3. View products\n4. exit program");
BufferedReader in = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
try{
selection = Integer.parseInt(in.readLine());
switch(selection){
case 1:
System.out.println("Enter product name.");
product_name = in.readLine();
System.out.println("Enter product description.");
description = in.readLine();
System.out.println("Enter product price.");
price = in.readLine();
try{
checkPrice = new Double(price);
addProduct(product_name, description, price);
}catch(Exception e){
System.out.println("The product's price must be a numeric value.");
break;
case 2:
System.out.println("Enter product name to remove.");
product_name = in.readLine();
removeProduct(product_name);
break;
case 3:
listProducts();
break;
case 4:
System.exit(1);
break;
default:
System.out.println("The number you have typed is incompatible with the menu.");
break;
}catch(Exception e){
System.out.println("Please type in a number that maches the menu.");
enjoy....

Casting or Generics, which is better?

Which is better for serialization <--> de-serialization?
public class MyClass {
private Object st;
public MyClass (Object what) { st = what; }
public Object get() {return st;}
out.writeObject(new MyClass("This is a test"));
Object ob = in.readObject();
if (ob instanceof String) {
Sting result = (String) ob;
}Or using Generics?
public static final byte STRING_TYPE = 0x01;
public class MyClass<T> {
private T st;
private byte type;
public MyClass ( byte type, T what ) { st = what; this.type = type; }
public T get() {return st;}
public byte getType() {return type;}
out.writeObject(new MyClass<String>(STRING_TYPE,"This is a test"));
MyClass<?> value = (MyClass<?>) in.readObject()
if (value.getType() == STRING_VALUE) {
MyClass<String> str = (MyClass<String>) value;
Sting result = str.get();
}Both have unchecked casts (at least according to Eclipse), it is better to cast the generic or just use casts and not use generics? The latter is more complicated but allows more flexibility, but which method is correct?

CREATE TABLE `login` (
`username` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`password` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
CREATE TABLE `amount` (
`amountid` int(11) NOT NULL,
`receiptid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`loanid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`amount` bigint(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`latefee` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`paymentid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`pid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`amountid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
CREATE TABLE `applicationfee` (
`applicationfeeid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`applicationamount` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`applicationfee` int(11) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
CREATE TABLE `category` (
`categoryid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`categoryname` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`categorydescription` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
`cattype` int(11) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
CREATE TABLE `commission` (
`commissionid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`bussiness` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`commission` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`pid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
CREATE TABLE `customer` (
`cacno` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`name` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`cphone` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`cmobile` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`caddress` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
`cstatus` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`cphoto` longblob,
`pid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`cacno`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
CREATE TABLE `daybook` (
`closingbal` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`date` date DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
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`categoryid` int(11) NOT NULL,
`receiptid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`date` date DEFAULT NULL,
`amountid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
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`empno` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`empname` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`age` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`sal` int(11) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
CREATE TABLE `image` (
`id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`image` blob
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
CREATE TABLE `loan` (
`loanid` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`loanamt` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`payableamount` double DEFAULT NULL,
`installment` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`payableinstallments` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`monthlyinstallment` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`surityname` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`applicationfeeid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`interestrate` float DEFAULT NULL,
`issuedate` date DEFAULT NULL,
`duedate` date DEFAULT NULL,
`nextduedate` date DEFAULT NULL,
`cacno` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`cname` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
`pid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`interestamt` double DEFAULT NULL,
`pendingamt` float DEFAULT NULL,
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`mdid` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`mdname` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`mdphoto` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
`mdphone` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`mdmobile` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`mdaddress` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`mdid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;
CREATE TABLE `partner` (
`pid` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
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`paddress` varchar(500) DEFAULT NULL,
`pphoto` varchar(100) DEFAULT NULL,
`pphone` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`pmobile` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`pstatus` varchar(20) DEFAULT NULL,
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`mdname` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`date` date DEFAULT NULL,
`nextpaydate` date DEFAULT NULL,
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`receiptid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`paiddate` date DEFAULT NULL,
`amountid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
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`latefee` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`installment` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`cacno` int(11) DEFAULT NULL,
`cname` varchar(40) DEFAULT NULL,
`pid` int(11) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1;

Singleton or static methods for DAO?

Which is the preferred way of creating a DAO which has no state...Singleton or static methods for DAO? and why? What are the issues implement one over the other?

A [url http://java.sun.com/blueprints/corej2eepatterns/Patterns/DataAccessObject.html]DAO is an object that abstracts different data source access mechanisms by providing a common interface, decoupling the client code from the data layer implementation, and allowing differrent data sources to be used without changing the client code.
This is not possible with static methods- you would have to change the client code to use a different data source.
There is a similar pattern, the facade, where an object/utility class provides the interface to a set of functionality. In the case of a facade with static methods, the facade class needs to be rewritten to use a different implementation. This is possible, but means only one implementation may exist in each version of the software. A static method facade is a tighter coupled solution to a similar problem; tight coupling occasionally makes a measurable improvement in performance, but always reduces flexibility and requires destructive editing to change its implementation.
Pete

Design Pattern: Is the Universe Object a Singleton or Static or either way.

Hi All,
1. I've read this thread: static versus singleton
http://forum.java.sun.com/thread.jsp?forum=425&thread=401035&tstart=105&trange=15
2. Now, specifically if you were to model the Universe Object, what would you choose? a Singleton
or a Static Class or either way depending on your design point of view?
(either way depending on your design point of view imply there is more than one solution to a problem.)
Basically, I'm looking for is the justification of one (singleton) or the other (static) or doesn't matter
in addition to the pure technical pros and cons (or avantage/disavantage) of singleton versus Static (see pt. 1)

<dubwai>
What's 'the Universe Object'?
</dubwai>
Sorry, for not being clear. My assumption is that every body would undertand the word 'Universe' immediately. So with this clarification. I hope you will have more input. Thanks.
public class Universe //Singleton
     private static Universe instance = new Universe();
     private Universe()
     public static Universe getInstance()
       return instance;
     public void do()
public class Universe //Static Class like Math class for example
     public static void do()
     ...all other methods are static
<os>
Personally, I'd make the universe a singleton.
The universe is an 'object', not a class, and if alternate universes are proved to exist you can create new instances,
and not treat it as a singleton any more, without much rewriting (a static implementation would need a total rewrite).
</0s>
1. Keywords: Personally and alternate universes are proved to exist.
Yes, this is the kind of reasoning I'm looking for. By that I mean when we design a class, our reasonning should not depends
on the 'pure' technical concepts of what Singleton class or Static class can do but rather depending on the reality
of the world. And then from that understanding we would choose a Singleton or Static class. This is what I meant by 'Either way, it doesn't matter' which depend on one's view about of existence of the universe whether it's unique or not. In your case (Os), you prefer Singleton because of the possibility of alternate universes.
2. Now, let's admit, there is only one Universe, would you still prefer Singleton class over Static class? for all the techincal reasons that you said
"As a singleton,..."
"It would also probably be useful to treat the universe as a generic Object..."
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Which is better to use: BEx query or Web Application as an iView in portal?

Hi gurus!
Are there any experienced opinions, which is better - publish a BEx query in portal or publish a BEx Web Application in portal? Is it easier to alter the layout attributes etc. if I create a BEx Web Application first before publishing?
What is the way of fixing for example filter item height if I publish BEx query in portal - is there a Web Application that it uses anyhow which I can fix? Or can I use in that case iView -properties in portal?
Thankful for advice
Sari

ok, means i can use jsp:useBean tag for all my
classes that are not actually bean. so it will be
instantiated at run time and provide efficiency .No. Jsp:useBean is used for java bean components.
>
but when should i use import statement in my jsp and
it happen at translation time so will it create any
type of burden for my code if i import multiple
classes.For non-java beans, you need to import the classes, period.
It's not a burden, it's a necessity.

Which is better for performance Azure SQL Database or SQL Server in Azure VM?

Hi,
We are building an ASP.NET app that will be running on Microsoft Cloud which I think is the new name for Windows Azure. We're expecting this app to have many simultaneous users and want to make sure that we provide excellent performance to end users.
Here are our main concerns/desires:
Performance is paramount. Fast response times are very very important
We want to have as little to do with platform maintenance as possible e.g. managing OS or SQL Server updates, etc.
We are trying to use "out-of-the-box" standard features.
With that said, which option would give us the best possible database performance: a SQL Server instance running in a VM on Azure or SQL Server Database as a fully managed service?
Thanks, Sam

hello,
SQL Database using shared resources on the Microsft data centre. Microsoft balance the resource usage of SQL Database so that no one application continuously dominates any resource.You can try the
Premium Preview
for Windows Azure SQL Database which offers better performance by guaranteeing a fixed amount of dedicated resources for a database.
If you using SQL Server instance running in a VM, you control the operating system and database configuration. And the
performance of the database depends on many factors such as the size of a virtual machine, and the configuration of the data disks.
Reference:
Choosing between SQL Server in Windows Azure VM & Windows Azure SQL Database
Regards,
Fanny Liu
If you have any feedback on our support, please click here.
Fanny Liu
TechNet Community Support

Which is better??????

which is better?Dam really confused which speaker to buy??
i currently have a creative m2600.but am not getting enough performance or that feel while watching movies like avatar,step up 3 etc......so am planning to buy a 5.1.......not planning but i have decided to buy a 5.1....so..
which is better? the 6160 or 6060 or 6100.
which of these will provide me relly great exprience while playing games and most importantly while whatching hd movies and while listening to music.......
and other than this what i have to ask is...what is this "db" in speakers. i mean while looking at a speaker specs we can see it..like 65db,85db,75db..etc........
and when i compared specs of the three speakers i mentioned above i saw that the 6160 has low "db"........why is that?

The specs is just a guide, you won't be able to tell the slight difference in db using just your ears. Besides, it is just a comparison between the level of a music to the level of background noise, it does not necessary mean which speaker sounds better. If possible, please make a trip to your local electronics store and try out the speakers system yourself.

Which is better, Photoshop or Corel?

Which is better, Photoshop or Corel? I am finding the best one to use for my website [link removed]. Let me know your opinion. Tks all.

Thank you! I am trying to find the best one for the site [Link removed].
I used to use Corel before, but now, I am trying to use Photoshop.
Tk you anyway
[Removed link]
Message was edited by: sinious

Which is better software for brochures and PDF forms ? Photoshop or InDesign ?

Which is better software for brochures and PDF forms ? Photoshop or InDesign ? and why ?

If you are going to be making a lot of brochures, with photos, you probably want both. Photoshop to edit the photos, and InDesign to assemble and layout images with text.

Which is better an android or apple

Which is better getting an android smart phone or an Apple I Phone?

As the poster Horses 547 said its a matter of personal preference. However I own and use both. Printing via air print is smooth and easy on an iphone. Printing on a android phone is iffy and tedious and you will have to find an app to print since there is no native app to do so. I purchased http://www.printhand.com which costs around $12 from the app store. but it is in my opinion the best printing app out there for android. I use it on my android tablet as well and its great. This company is the maker of the print app on iphones.
The iphone is a little harder to put your own ringtone on the device. However very easy from the Itunes you put on your computer and hook into.
Another thing an iphone does is if you use their cloud service or pay for a song it is available on all your ios devices. Iphone, ipad, or ipod or up to five computers registered through itunes on those computers.
Google play music also can sync with all your android devices.
Iphone don't have external Micro SD card slots, so the storage on the phone is all you have.
Iphones use imessage which does not count against your text allotment to another iphone or ipad user. it send regular text to non iphone users.
Another thing is Face Time but I found a better program called oovoo at http://www.oovoo.com or in the Google Play Store for free.
Iphones are paper thin but I have an android that has a larger view area and is also paper thin and light. Depending on the android phone it may have a removable battery, whereas iphones are sealed as are some new androids. I have found the sound for music better on my iphone, and videos are crystal clear. Again on some better androids the music and video is comparable .
There is really not many differences but it up to the user.
One last good thing is iphones are updated via Apple, no long waits for OS updates like is done with Android devices, and android devices on Verizon.

Which is better for doing animation? Flash 4, 5, MX, CS, or others?

Which is better for doing animation? Flash 4, 5, MX, CS, or
others?
I am used to using brush function more conveniently in Flash
4 than the other versions I ve tried. However, Flash 4 doesn't have
pen tool.
Free News Reader
http://put.hk
http://put.hk/reader/forums.macromedia.com/macromedia.flash.html

1Evan2Wing3 wrote:
> Which is better for doing animation? Flash 4, 5, MX, CS,
or others?
>
> I am used to using brush function more conveniently in
Flash 4 than the other versions I ve tried. However, Flash 4
doesn't have pen tool.
all pretty identical tho I would go with cs, just because I
like the GUI much
more than other versions...
Best Regards
Urami
"Never play Leap-Frog with a Unicorn."
<urami>
If you want to mail me - DO NOT LAUGH AT MY ADDRESS
</urami>

Which is better for bulk message scenario in sap xi RFC or Proxy

which is better for bulk message scenario in ( RFC or Proxy ) ?
Edited by: prabhatxi on Aug 6, 2010 4:44 PM

Proxy will alwaays be better option in this case, as it is adapter less framework, and communication happens directly with XI central integration engine. So it is always fast communication and gives good performance.
But still you should consider other factors, you may consider using RFC as well, as sometime we go for RFC/IDOC as this are the standard interfaces already available rather than creating structure...
May be you can share more info on what type/volume data are you planning to send via XI?
Hope this cleart your doubt..
Divyesh

Singleton vs static - which is better?

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