Time Model

Hi,
I have a question about "time model" statistics.
Assume that the instance is open for 138 days and "db time" in v$sys_time_model view is 36 days. By only comparing these days can we understand instance doesn't need hardware changes?
SQL> select round((sysdate-t.STARTUP_TIME)) as days_open from v$instance t;
DAYS_OPEN
138
SQL> select t.STAT_NAME, round(t.VALUE/1000000/60/60/24) days_db_time from v$sys_time_model t where lower(t.STAT_NAME)= 'db time' ;
STAT_NAME DAYS_DB_TIME
DB time 36
Thank You..

It would be wrong to arrive at a conclusion regarding hardware changes with this information. It could be that these 138 days have been normal days for your database and the days to follow may need some higher levels of processing power.

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    This is only a dev server for ETL processes, it has very few concurrent connections.
    Any suggestions welcome.
    AWR report is available here
    http://min.us/mqnXQhd5Z
    Edited by: user10799939 on 22 mars 2012 09:30

    Cache Sizes
    ~~~~~~~~~~~                       Begin        End
                   Buffer Cache:     1,296M     1,296M  Std Block Size:         8K
               Shared Pool Size:       160M       160M      Log Buffer:    14,364K
    Load Profile
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~                            Per Second       Per Transaction
                      Redo size:            460,955.72 ;         2,477,358.63
                  Logical reads:              3,392.16 ;            18,230.80
                  Block changes:              6,451.93 ;            34,675.22
                 Physical reads:                  2.92 ;                15.67
                Physical writes:                394.52 ;             2,120.28
                     User calls:                  1.69 ;                 9.08
                         Parses:                  3.31 ;                17.81
                    Hard parses:                  0.17 ;                 0.90
                          Sorts:                  1.32 ;                 7.09
                         Logons:                  0.06 ;                 0.31
                       Executes:                  7.01 ;                37.68
                   Transactions:                  0.19
      % Blocks changed per Read:  190.20 ;   Recursive Call %:    96.23
    Rollback per transaction %:    0.30 ;      Rows per Sort:    14.41
    Instance Efficiency Percentages (Target 100%)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
                Buffer Nowait %:   99.98 ;      Redo NoWait %:   99.86
                Buffer  Hit   %:   99.92 ;   In-memory Sort %:  100.00
                Library Hit   %:   96.30 ;       Soft Parse %:   94.96
             Execute to Parse %:   52.74 ;        Latch Hit %:   99.07
    Parse CPU to Parse Elapsd %:    0.35 ;    % Non-Parse CPU:   99.30
    Shared Pool Statistics        Begin    End
                 Memory Usage %:   75.48 ;  75.51
        % SQL with executions>1:   79.92 ;  85.03
      % Memory for SQL w/exec>1:   77.07 ;  70.09
    Top 5 Timed Events                                         Avg %Total
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~                                        wait   Call
    Event                                 Waits    Time (s)   (ms)   Time Wait Class
    db file sequential read               9,052      17,688   1954   51.3 ;  User I/O
    log file switch (checkpoint in        5,303       4,649    877   13.5 Configurat
    log file switch completion            4,245       4,023    948   11.7 Configurat
    wait for a undo record               32,393       3,531    109   10.3 ;     Other
    db file parallel write               18,771       3,437    183   10.0 System I/O Havent seen this much wait on average. For example 877ms for "log file switch" is over threshold. And other wait events too..
    Time Model Statistics                DB/Inst: MDMPRJ/MDMPRJ  Snaps: 2840-2841
    -> Total time in database user-calls (DB Time): 34446.5s
    -> Statistics including the word "background" measure background process
       time, and so do not contribute to the DB time statistic
    -> Ordered by % or DB time desc, Statistic name
    Statistic Name                                       Time (s) % of DB Time
    sql execute elapsed time                              4,008.5 ;        11.6
    parse time elapsed                                      352.9 ;         1.0
    hard parse elapsed time                                 352.7 ;         1.0
    PL/SQL compilation elapsed time                         120.1 ;          .3
    DB CPU                                                   61.8 ;          .2
    failed parse elapsed time                                21.3 ;          .1
    PL/SQL execution elapsed time                             8.0 ;          .0
    connection management call elapsed time                   0.0 ;          .0
    hard parse (sharing criteria) elapsed time                0.0 ;          .0
    repeated bind elapsed time                                0.0 ;          .0
    hard parse (bind mismatch) elapsed time                   0.0 ;          .0
    DB time                                              34,446.5 ;         N/A
    background elapsed time                              14,889.7 ;         N/A
    background cpu time                                      39.0 ;         N/A
    Wait Class                            DB/Inst: MDMPRJ/MDMPRJ  Snaps: 2840-2841
    -> s  - second
    -> cs - centisecond -     100th of a second
    -> ms - millisecond -    1000th of a second
    -> us - microsecond - 1000000th of a second
    -> ordered by wait time desc, waits desc
                                                                      Avg
                                           %Time       Total Wait    wait     Waits
    Wait Class                      Waits  -outs         Time (s)    (ms)      /txn
    User I/O                       10,515     .1           17,785    1691      15.8
    Configuration                  10,186   79.5 ;           8,865     870      15.3
    System I/O                     27,619     .0            8,774     318      41.6
    Other                          57,768   98.3 ;           6,915     120      87.0
    Commit                          2,634   88.6 ;           2,481     942       4.0
    Concurrency                     2,847   75.4 ;           2,240     787       4.3
    Application                       219    2.3 ;              23     105       0.3
    Network                         4,790     .0                0       0       7.2
              ------------------------------------------------------------- again seen, there is very high wait on User IO
    Wait Events                          DB/Inst: MDMPRJ/MDMPRJ  Snaps: 2840-2841
    -> s  - second
    -> cs - centisecond -     100th of a second
    -> ms - millisecond -    1000th of a second
    -> us - microsecond - 1000000th of a second
    -> ordered by wait time desc, waits desc (idle events last)
                                                                       Avg
                                                 %Time  Total Wait    wait     Waits
    Event                                 Waits  -outs    Time (s)    (ms)      /txn
    db file sequential read               9,052     .0      17,688    1954      13.6
    log file switch (checkpoint           5,303   78.0 ;      4,649     877       8.0
    log file switch completion            4,245   89.2 ;      4,023     948       6.4
    wait for a undo record               32,393   99.8 ;      3,531     109      48.8
    db file parallel write               18,771     .0       3,437     183      28.3
    wait for stopper event to be         24,203   99.8 ;      2,634     109      36.5
    log file sync                         2,634   88.6 ;      2,481     942       4.0
    control file sequential read          7,356     .0       2,431     330      11.1
    buffer busy waits                     2,513   83.1 ;      2,173     865       3.8
    log file parallel write                 520     .0       1,566    3012       0.8
    control file parallel write             840     .0       1,334    1588       1.3
    rdbms ipc reply                         172   91.3 ;        330    1916       0.3
    enq: CF - contention                    309   23.0 ;        268     867       0.5
    log buffer space                        638   28.5 ;        192     301       1.0
    enq: PS - contention                     52   23.1 ;         71    1362       0.1
    db file scattered read                  113     .0          67     590       0.2
    os thread startup                        76   77.6 ;         63     834       0.1
    reliable message                         57   78.9 ;         50     878       0.1
    enq: RO - fast object reuse              22   22.7 ;         23    1038       0.0
    latch free                              537     .0          16      30       0.8
    Streams AQ: qmn coordinator               3  100.0 ;         15    5005       0.0 Overstepping
    Background Wait Events               DB/Inst: MDMPRJ/MDMPRJ  Snaps: 2840-2841
    -> ordered by wait time desc, waits desc (idle events last)
                                                                       Avg
                                                 %Time  Total Wait    wait     Waits
    Event                                 Waits  -outs    Time (s)    (ms)      /txn
    db file parallel write               18,772     .0       3,437     183      28.3
    events in waitclass Other            24,367   99.5 ;      3,010     124      36.7
    control file sequential read          6,654     .0       2,333     351      10.0
    log file parallel write                 520     .0       1,566    3012       0.8
    control file parallel write             840     .0       1,334    1588       1.3
    buffer busy waits                       899   94.2 ;        884     984       1.4
    log file switch (checkpoint             206   82.0 ;        185     898       0.3
    os thread startup                        76   77.6 ;         63     834       0.1
    log file switch completion               46   93.5 ;         45     982       0.1
    log buffer space                        158   31.0 ;         12      77       0.2
    db file sequential read                  62     .0           7     111       0.1
    db file scattered read                   20     .0           6     318       0.0
    direct path read                        660     .0           5       7       1.0
    log file sequential read                 66     .0           4      65       0.1
    log file single write                    66     .0           1      16       0.1
    enq: RO - fast object reuse               2     .0           0      38       0.0
    latch: cache buffers chains               3     .0           0       6       0.0
    direct path write                       660     .0          -5      -8       1.0
    rdbms ipc message                     9,052   87.5 ;     21,399    2364      13.6
    pmon timer                            1,318   90.4 ;      3,562    2703       2.0
    Streams AQ: qmn coordinator             633   97.6 ;      3,546    5602       1.0
    Streams AQ: waiting for time             77   61.0 ;      3,449   44795       0.1
    PX Deq: Join ACK                         21     .0           0       0       0.0 Again overshooting
    Tablespace IO Stats                  DB/Inst: MDMPRJ/MDMPRJ  Snaps: 2840-2841
    -> ordered by IOs (Reads + Writes) desc
    Tablespace
                     Av      Av     Av                       Av     Buffer Av Buf
             Reads Reads/s Rd(ms) Blks/Rd       Writes Writes/s      Waits Wt(ms)
    UNDOTBS1
               914       0 ######     1.0 ;   1,368,515      383      2,534  863.2
    MDMREF_INDICES
             6,918       2 ######     1.0 ;      11,086        3          0    0.0
    SYSAUX
               626       0 ######     1.1 ;       1,804        1          0    0.0
    SYSTEM
               850       0 ######     1.7 ;         296        0          0    0.0
    MDMREF_DATA
               293       0  712.3 ;    1.0 ;         274        0          0    0.0
    MDMPRJ_ODS
               198       0   72.1 ;    1.0 ;         198        0          0    0.0
    FEU_VERT
                33       0   61.5 ;    1.0 ;          33        0          0    0.0
    USERS
                33       0   31.5 ;    1.0 ;          33        0          0    0.0
              ------------------------------------------------------------- Now have a serious look at it. Av Rd(ms). Now for some tablespace value cannot event fit in window thats why its showing ##
    According to oracle recommendation Av Rd(ms) shouldn't be greater then 20, if its goes over 20 then its considered to be an issue with IO subsystem. But as its seen that in your case its overshooting.
    Now the question from my side
    Have done any configuration changes?
    I would suggest you to revert these changes asap and contact storage admin guys...
    Hope this helps

  • Cluster multi-block requests were consuming significant database time

    Hi,
    DB : 10.2.0.4 RAC ASM
    OS : AIX 5.2 64-bit
    We are facing too much performance issues and CPU idle time becoming 20%.Based on the AWR report , the top 5 events are showing that problem is in cluster side.I placed 1st node AWR report here for your suggestions.
    WORKLOAD REPOSITORY report for
    DB Name DB Id Instance Inst Num Release RAC Host
    PROD 1251728398 PROD1 1 10.2.0.4.0 YES msprod1
    Snap Id Snap Time Sessions Curs/Sess
    Begin Snap: 26177 26-Jul-11 14:29:02 142 37.7
    End Snap: 26178 26-Jul-11 15:29:11 159 49.1
    Elapsed: 60.15 (mins)
    DB Time: 915.85 (mins)
    Cache Sizes
    ~~~~~~~~~~~ Begin End
    Buffer Cache: 23,504M 23,504M Std Block Size: 8K
    Shared Pool Size: 27,584M 27,584M Log Buffer: 14,248K
    Load Profile
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~ Per Second Per Transaction
    Redo size: 28,126.82 2,675.18
    Logical reads: 526,807.26 50,105.44
    Block changes: 3,080.07 292.95
    Physical reads: 962.90 91.58
    Physical writes: 157.66 15.00
    User calls: 1,392.75 132.47
    Parses: 246.05 23.40
    Hard parses: 11.03 1.05
    Sorts: 42.07 4.00
    Logons: 0.68 0.07
    Executes: 930.74 88.52
    Transactions: 10.51
    % Blocks changed per Read: 0.58 Recursive Call %: 32.31
    Rollback per transaction %: 9.68 Rows per Sort: 4276.06
    Instance Efficiency Percentages (Target 100%)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Buffer Nowait %: 99.87 Redo NoWait %: 100.00
    Buffer Hit %: 99.84 In-memory Sort %: 99.99
    Library Hit %: 98.25 Soft Parse %: 95.52
    Execute to Parse %: 73.56 Latch Hit %: 99.51
    Parse CPU to Parse Elapsd %: 9.22 % Non-Parse CPU: 99.94
    Shared Pool Statistics Begin End
    Memory Usage %: 68.11 71.55
    % SQL with executions>1: 94.54 92.31
    % Memory for SQL w/exec>1: 98.79 98.74
    Top 5 Timed Events Avg %Total
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ wait Call
    Event Waits Time (s) (ms) Time Wait Class
    CPU time 18,798 34.2
    gc cr multi block request 46,184,663 18,075 0 32.9 Cluster
    gc buffer busy 2,468,308 6,897 3 12.6 Cluster
    gc current block 2-way 1,826,433 4,422 2 8.0 Cluster
    db file sequential read 142,632 366 3 0.7 User I/O
    RAC Statistics DB/Inst: PROD/PROD1 Snaps: 26177-26178
    Begin End
    Number of Instances: 2 2
    Global Cache Load Profile
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Per Second Per Transaction
    Global Cache blocks received: 14,112.50 1,342.26
    Global Cache blocks served: 619.72 58.94
    GCS/GES messages received: 2,099.38 199.68
    GCS/GES messages sent: 23,341.11 2,220.01
    DBWR Fusion writes: 3.43 0.33
    Estd Interconnect traffic (KB) 122,826.57
    Global Cache Efficiency Percentages (Target local+remote 100%)
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Buffer access - local cache %: 97.16
    Buffer access - remote cache %: 2.68
    Buffer access - disk %: 0.16
    Global Cache and Enqueue Services - Workload Characteristics
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Avg global enqueue get time (ms): 0.6
    Avg global cache cr block receive time (ms): 2.8
    Avg global cache current block receive time (ms): 3.0
    Avg global cache cr block build time (ms): 0.0
    Avg global cache cr block send time (ms): 0.0
    Global cache log flushes for cr blocks served %: 11.3
    Avg global cache cr block flush time (ms): 1.7
    Avg global cache current block pin time (ms): 0.0
    Avg global cache current block send time (ms): 0.0
    Global cache log flushes for current blocks served %: 0.0
    Avg global cache current block flush time (ms): 4.1
    Global Cache and Enqueue Services - Messaging Statistics
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    Avg message sent queue time (ms): 0.1
    Avg message sent queue time on ksxp (ms): 2.4
    Avg message received queue time (ms): 0.0
    Avg GCS message process time (ms): 0.0
    Avg GES message process time (ms): 0.0
    % of direct sent messages: 6.27
    % of indirect sent messages: 93.48
    % of flow controlled messages: 0.25
    Time Model Statistics DB/Inst: PROD/PROD1 Snaps: 26177-26178
    -> Total time in database user-calls (DB Time): 54951s
    -> Statistics including the word "background" measure background process
    time, and so do not contribute to the DB time statistic
    -> Ordered by % or DB time desc, Statistic name
    Statistic Name Time (s) % of DB Time
    sql execute elapsed time 54,618.2 99.4
    DB CPU 18,798.1 34.2
    parse time elapsed 494.3 .9
    hard parse elapsed time 397.4 .7
    PL/SQL execution elapsed time 38.6 .1
    hard parse (sharing criteria) elapsed time 27.3 .0
    sequence load elapsed time 5.0 .0
    failed parse elapsed time 3.3 .0
    PL/SQL compilation elapsed time 2.1 .0
    inbound PL/SQL rpc elapsed time 1.2 .0
    repeated bind elapsed time 0.8 .0
    connection management call elapsed time 0.6 .0
    hard parse (bind mismatch) elapsed time 0.3 .0
    DB time 54,951.0 N/A
    background elapsed time 1,027.9 N/A
    background cpu time 518.1 N/A
    Wait Class DB/Inst: PROD/PROD1 Snaps: 26177-26178
    -> s - second
    -> cs - centisecond - 100th of a second
    -> ms - millisecond - 1000th of a second
    -> us - microsecond - 1000000th of a second
    -> ordered by wait time desc, waits desc
    Avg
    %Time Total Wait wait Waits
    Wait Class Waits -outs Time (s) (ms) /txn
    Cluster 50,666,311 .0 30,236 1 1,335.4
    User I/O 419,542 .0 811 2 11.1
    Network 4,824,383 .0 242 0 127.2
    Other 797,753 88.5 208 0 21.0
    Concurrency 212,350 .1 121 1 5.6
    Commit 16,215 .0 53 3 0.4
    System I/O 60,831 .0 29 0 1.6
    Application 6,069 .0 6 1 0.2
    Configuration 763 97.0 0 0 0.0
    Second node top 5 events are as below,
    Top 5 Timed Events
              Avg %Total
    ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ wait Call
    Event Waits Time (s) (ms) Time Wait Class
    CPU time 25,959 42.2
    db file sequential read 2,288,168 5,587 2 9.1 User I/O
    gc current block 2-way 822,985 2,232 3 3.6 Cluster
    read by other session 345,338 1,166 3 1.9 User I/O
    gc cr multi block request 991,270 831 1 1.4 Cluster
    My RAM is 95GB each node and SGA is 51 GB and PGA is 14 GB.
    Any inputs from your side are greatly helpful to me ,please.
    Thanks,
    Sunand

    Hi Forstmann,
    Thanks for your update.
    Even i have collected ADDM report, extract of Node1 report as below
    FINDING 1: 40% impact (22193 seconds)
    Cluster multi-block requests were consuming significant database time.
    RECOMMENDATION 1: SQL Tuning, 6% benefit (3313 seconds)
    ACTION: Run SQL Tuning Advisor on the SQL statement with SQL_ID
    "59qd3x0jg40h1". Look for an alternative plan that does not use
    object scans.
    SYMPTOMS THAT LED TO THE FINDING:
    SYMPTOM: Inter-instance messaging was consuming significant database
    time on this instance. (55% impact [30269 seconds])
    SYMPTOM: Wait class "Cluster" was consuming significant database
    time. (55% impact [30271 seconds])
    FINDING 3: 13% impact (7008 seconds)
    Read and write contention on database blocks was consuming significant
    database time.
    NO RECOMMENDATIONS AVAILABLE
    SYMPTOMS THAT LED TO THE FINDING:
    SYMPTOM: Inter-instance messaging was consuming significant database
    time on this instance. (55% impact [30269 seconds])
    SYMPTOM: Wait class "Cluster" was consuming significant database
    time. (55% impact [30271 seconds])
    Any help from your side , please?
    Thanks,
    Sunand

  • Binding model nodes - seeming repetition?

    Hello,
    When creating a WD app using Adaptive RFC Model (or any model I assume), it is necessary to create a data link between the Model and Component Controller.  Visually, the fields of the nodes of the Model and the fields of the model nodes of the Controller are linked.  Why, then, is it necessary to again bind the model node of the Controller to the model object using the ".bind" method?
    Code as shown here is a classic example:
         Bapi_Usr01Dohr_Getemployee_Input bapiInput = new Bapi_Usr01Dohr_Getemployee_Input();
         wdContext.nodeBapi_Usr01Dohr_Getemployee_Input().bind(bapiInput);
         bapiInput.setId("MY_USERID");
         try {
              bapiInput.execute();
         } catch (Exception exc) {
              IWDMessageManager msgManager = wdComponentAPI.getMessageManager();
              msgManager.raiseException(exc.getMessage(), true);
    Clearly the visual binding in the diagram view of the component controller and the programmatic binding using the .bind method of the model node are doing different things.  My question is, what is the difference?  Why are both required?

    Michael,
    There are actually 3 activity types, and sadly one of them has not the best name:
    1. Map at run-time / design-time model to context node (make metadata structure, that mimics model structure, possibly with renaming of target attributes / sub-nodes)
    2. Map at run-time / design-time (or as you say "link") 2 nodes in different controllers (make metadata structure, that mimics structure of node's metadata in another controller, possibly with renaming of target attributes / sub-nodes)
    3. "Bind" at run-time-only data to node, that was previously described as metadata either using IDE at design-time or at run-time.
    So, there is no repetition: you create metadata once (ok, more logically "once" then physically), then you may assign different data to resulted node via bind several times.
    Valery Silaev
    EPAM Systems
    http://www.NetWeaverTeam.com

  • Db Time in Statspack report...

    Hi ,
    I generated a statspack report of 22 minutes duration.
    In the Instance Activity Stats DB/Inst portion of the report , there are the following figures , regarding the Db Time statistic:
    Total Per Second Per Transaction
    530,488 400.7 1,449.4
    whereas in the Time Model System Stats DB/Inst portion of the report , there is the following:
    Time (s)
    Db Time 94.2
    When the report was generated , there were a typical number of sessions that Oracle creates (sys , system , e.t.c.) and just one application user who has been runnning some forms -developed in Oracle Forms 10g.
    How the above figures can be explained..?????
    Thanks , a lot
    Simon
    Message was edited by:
    sgalaxy

    The figure 530,488 shows the total amount of time since the instance startup.
    The question is in which metric the Per Second Instance Activity Stats DB/Inst is calculated (i.e. the value of 400.7)- in seconds , milliseconds ...????
    Simon

  • Statspackの「CPU time」と「DB CPU」の違い

    お世話になっております。
    Statspackを取得し調査しているのですが、
    下記の二つ項目のtime(s)がまったく一致しません。(桁が異なるほど)
    ①「Top 5 Timed Events」の「CPU time」
    ②「Time Model System Stats,SQL ordered by CPU」等の「DB CPU」
    この二つの項目はSQLに使用したCPU時間だと考えていました。
    定義の違いをご存知の方がいらっしゃいましたら、教えていただけないでしょうか。
    以上、宜しくお願い致します。

    こんにちは。
    英語記事ですが・・・
    http://www.dba-oracle.com/m_db_cpu.htm
    元ネタ
    https://kr.forums.oracle.com/forums/thread.jspa?threadID=665376

  • Is there any issue in scheduling GATHER_STATS_JOB during peak load times?

    Hi All,
    The default DBMS_STATS job(GATHER_STATS_JOB) is running during our peak load time.
    Will it have any performance impact on normal database transactions?
    Is it better to reschedule that window?
    What all problems can we expect during the job's run(Object locks, High I/O due to table/index reads, High CPU usage etc)?
    Please help me in getting the answer. I could not find relevant information from net.
    Thanks and regards
    Satish

    Satish V C wrote:
    I am struggling to find an appropriate period to run the job as this database is active 24*7 globally.
    I want to know how the activity should be measured. Should it be based on no of sessions or number of transactions or number of cursors or net I/O or a combination of all above?Satish,
    if you have the AWR license you could check the AWR reports to find out when your database is most idle. In the 10g time model the most significant aspect is the DB time spent, so the period where the DB time is least might be a good candidate.
    You can also check the number of logical/physical I/Os performed per second, the number of sessions, and other ratios that are shown in the top part of the AWR report (e.g. section "Load Profile").
    Regards,
    Randolf
    Oracle related stuff blog:
    http://oracle-randolf.blogspot.com/
    SQLTools++ for Oracle (Open source Oracle GUI for Windows):
    http://www.sqltools-plusplus.org:7676/
    http://sourceforge.net/projects/sqlt-pp/

  • Modeling critique requested...

    i'm doing a small java-based project that involves creating a class (let's call it Experiment).
    the class Experiment itself contains a number of objects .
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    Experiment also contains a collection of instances of the class Bacteria
    Experiment also contains a collection of instances of the class Antibiotic
    etc. etc.
    during the running of the program, instances of the Experiment class may be saved to a file in serialized form for later use.
    the issue that i'm running up against is that in the process of building this program, the requirements of what I think belongs in the Experiment class changes (e.g. I forgot that the experiment antibiotic class needs to hold information about the molecular weight of the antibiotic). Now it's not a big deal to change the class Antibiotic to incorporate methods and a variable that holds/returns molecular weight, but in doing so, I make all of my old serialized files obsolete.
    I'm guessing that at some level this is a common issue, but how do you minimize the creation of obsolete object classes?
    is it just a matter of me not having spent enough time modeling the issue (i find this a little hard to believe simply because requirements must change from time-to-time for everyone who programs)?
    or is it a matter that i'm setting up the Experiment class improperly ?
    or is it an issue of "you just have to deal with it, and write small programs that convert your 'legacy'
    serialized objects into the new form"?
    or something else entirely?
    anyway...I'm curious as to any opinions that might be out there.
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