Any benefit to convert NEF to DNG

Does anyone convert their NEF (D300 in my case) files to Adobe DNG and then start their workflow?
Or are the NEF's just imported into Aperture and then adjustments are made?
I use Aperture now for a long time. I usually just import the NEF files. I've been using Photoshop CS4 to learn it and have just been sending the NEF file within Aperture to Photoshop. And of course it comes back to Aperture as a PSD file.
I ask because Aperture has a tendency to lag making adjustments. But I noticed Aperture doesn't lag if I make adjustments on the PSD file or a DNG file. Adjustments are in real time.
So I'm thinking of converting my NEF's as the first step of my work flow. Then import the DNG's into Aperture.
I have all of the NIK Software and working with this in Photoshop is 1000% easier in Photoshop than Aperture.
I can't seem to tell any degrading of the NEF converted to DNG. I've done a few now and compare. I can't seem to tell. Pre or post adjustments made in Aperture.
Thanks for any thoughts or opinions.
*There are always two people in every photograph: the photographer and the viewer. - Ansel Adams.*

musicmaker wrote:
Does anyone convert their NEF (D300 in my case) files to Adobe DNG and then start their workflow?
DNG is just Adobe's proprietary attempt to sell the world on using Adobe's RAW conversion format ("DNG," the result of converting camera makers' individual RAW files using Adobe Camera Raw, "ACR"). Adobe benefited greatly with PDF and wants to do the same with RAW DSLR capture.
DNG is not better. In fact most folks (at least the ones not already sleeping with Adobe) will most often find conversions by Aperture and/or individual camera vendors' converters (like NX2) to be visually better than ACR to DNG. However differences among converters are usually slight enough anyway to make RAW-conversion quality irrelevant when compared to workflow.
The conversion of RAW data is different for each individual camera, no RAW converter is best for all cameras, and the results of conversion are a matter of individual taste in any event.
Note that most camera vendors keep RAW algorithms and protocols very secret, so folks like Adobe and Apple do a lot of deduction (some say speculation) when building each camera's RAW converter based on imperfect information. That is why most folks consider Nikon's conversions of NEF files "best;" but unfortunately Nikon's workflow is atrocious.
...is there any significant advantage to converting (to DNG)?
No, there is significant disadvantage in converting NEF to DNG. You would be seriously disrupting Aperture's workflow just to achieve what most folks consider to be less-good RAW conversions.
Some photogs do find significant advantage in first using NX2 to convert Nikon NEF files to TIFF. Others find the differences from Aperture small enough not to justify the weight of the NX2 workflow.
I read the Adobe site regarding how DNG is more a standard then NEF or any proprietary camera file.
That is just disgusting Adobe marketing BS. Nikon was around supporting standards like their lens mount for decades before Adobe even existed. Even if Nikon self-destructed today there will always be plenty of RAW converters for the billions of NEF files already created.
Of course Adobe would love it if the world lowered their standards to some Adobe-defined lowest common denominator, but then we would probably not see the various consistently fast tech advances like the low light performance of the Nikon D3.
-Allen Wicks

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Can anyone tell me where I can aquire a Photoshop CS6 Raw converter(nef,not DNG) for my Nikon D600 Camera

Can anyone please tell me where I can aquire a Photoshop CS6 Raw Converter(nef, not dng) for my Nikon D600.
I would also be grateful if you could assist me in telling me how you install the "pluggin" into the suite software?
Any assistance would be most appreciated.
Regards
Mark Silk

Camera Raw plug-in | Supported cameras
Camera Raw-compatible Adobe applications
The Nikon D600 is supported by Camera Raw 7.3 and later which is compatible with CS6.
In CS6, click Help > Updates and your Camera Raw should be updated.
Check the exact version of Camera Raw which you have installed via Help > About Plug-ins > Camera Raw

Lightroom 5.7 will not convert .nef to dng from my Nikon d750. Stand alone dng converter will not recognize or convert the files.

Lightroom 5.7 will not convert .nef to dng from my Nikon d750. Stand alone dng converter will not recognize or convert the files. Any know whats wrong?

I don't understand why you feel you need to use ViewNX to download your images from the camera. Lightroom has an excellent import process. I don't see that you gain anything by using the Nikon software. It seems to me that it has the capability of just creating more problems.
If you want to convert your D750 files to DNG using the standalone DNG converter thing you need to have DNG converter 8.7 installed. Once you have it installed, just choose the FOLDER in the DNG converter, but don't open it in the DNG converter file browser. If you open that folder then you will get the message that there are no files to convert. The converter works on the folder level, not the individual file level.

Unable to see converted NEF to DNG files in Photoshop CS

Aloha, my laptop recently crashed and I am in the midst of trying to restore my laptop to the way it was. I am using Photoshop CS and back in December 2009 I downloaded DNG converter. I am using a Nikon D90, shooting in RAW. I don't recall what I did after downloading the DNG converter but I was able to convert the NEF files to DNG by simpling clicking on the DNG icon, selecting the file and click convert and the NEF were converted to DNG files. I was able to use my Photoshop CS with these covverted files. In the restoration of my laptop, I loaded my Photoshop CS program and then did a search on-line for the DNG converter. I found a 5.6 version and later a 6.3 version. I first downloaded the 5.6 version. I then clicked on the icon, selected the files and click convert. I can see the NEF photos being converted. However, when I went into my Photoshop CS program, I did not see any DNG files even though I saw the files being converted. I downloaded the 6.3 version and got the same results. I also went into Change Preference and selected Camera Raw 2.4 and later. But I though I am seeing the files being converted to DNG, I do not see any of those converted photos in my Photoshop CS program. Can anyone help me? Am I missing a step or two? I would appreciate y'all expertise in this matter. Also, anyone knows how to uninstall one of these DNG converters I downloaded? Thank you very much, Ron

Aloha Jim,
I went on Google and typed in DNG 6.3 converter. The following appears:
Product Adobe Camera Raw and DNG Converter Version 6.3 Platform Windows File
Name DNGConverter_6_3.exe File Size 50.6MB
Proceed to Download<http://www.adobe.com/support/downloads/thankyou.jsp?ftpID=4924&fileID=4585>
I click on the proceed to download. The follow appears.
Camera_Raw_6_3_updater.zip - ZIP archive, unpacked size 37,629,269 bytes
I assume I'm supposed click on this icon that looks like three stacks of
books and having the information next to it, Camera_Raw_6_3_updater.zip -
ZIP archive, unpacked size 37,629,269 bytes. After clicking on the icon, I
come on a window that says, Camera_Raw_6_3_updater.zip - WinRAR (evaluation
copy). In that window there are 4 folders. The first one does not have any
information except for 2 dots. The second folder is labeled META -INF. The
third folder says, payloads and the last is like a window, rectangular in
shape, white at the bottom 3/4 and the top portion is blue. It is labeled
AdobePatchInstaller.exe. Again, I am assuming I am suppose to click this. I
click it and then it looks like it is updating something, then a window that
says, Adobe Application Manger comes on which says, some updates failed to
install. Another messages says, update is not applicable. I don't recall
what I did next...tried other things but I finally got the icon (circular,
the top 1/3 white with 4 red letters, the bottom 2/3 greenish with a blue
arrow pointing down. It is labeled as DNGConverter_6_3. I clicked this
icon and get this open file - security warning window. It states, the
publisher could not be verified. Are you sure you want to run this
software. Name: DNGConverter_6_3.exe. Publisher: Unknown Publisher; Type
Application; From C:\Documents and Settings\(other info. I click on the Run
button I then get an error message saying, Installer integrity -check has
failed. Common causes include incomplete download and damaged media.
Contact the installer's author to obtain a new copy. More information at:
http://nsis.sf.net/NSIS_error.
I don't know what to do. Back in December of 2009, all I did was downloaded
the DNG file that I found on Google, click on the DNG icon, and my NEF were
converted so I could see it in my Photoshop CS.
Am I doing anything wrong. I would prefer not to invest $200 for Photoshop
CS5 since Photoshop CS along with DNG converter were meeting my needs. I
know it may take some time to write this but perhaps could you write down
the step by step process you would do from searching for the DNG converter,
selecting the converter, downloading the converter, activate it so
everything is set up for use with the Photoshop CS. I would appreciate it
very much. It has been very frustrating and time consuming in trying to
resolve this issue. I thought it would be so simple setting it up like the
first time when I first installed it.
Thanks again for responding to this matter. I appreciate it very much.
Aloha

How to keep Date created and Date modified when converting nef to dng

Hi
I noticed that when we convert NEF files to DNG in it properties the Date Created and Date Modifed are changed to the present date and not the original dates of the files in question. Is there any way to make such a conversion without changing these proeprties? Yes, I know 'Date taken' does not change--but this info does not show up when you hover a file only the info in its properties does hence me asking the question.
Also am I correct in assuming that this conversion is 100% lossless, nothing but nothing is lost in the qualtiy and info of the file (besides the file size)? Thank you
OS: Windows 7 (64)

A DNG from an NEF is a new file so it’s Windows dates are as of its creation on Windows. The date modified would further change if you updated the DNG with a new preview and/or embedded metadata into it.
If you need the files to have the camera’s creation date, then use Windows Explorer to copy them, don’t convert to DNG, and just Add them to your LR catalog, and tell LR not to add a timezone or otherwise adjust the timestamps which might also update the file modification time.

If I convert NEF into DNG the photo looks different

If I convert a NEF into a DNG, the DNG looks underexposed in comparison with the NEF. Why is this happening? I understood that it would be better to convert my photos into DNG because it is a universal RAW format but, it doesn't look anymore as I saw it on my camera.

Corina_PC wrote:
Why is this happening?
Because the preview (jpeg, embedded) in the DNG is a re-rendering based on Adobe defaults. It's not the same embedded preview that came in your NEF (which was created, initially anyway, in the camera).
To better understand, it helps to know how the story unfolds from the beginning:
When you press the shutter release, the camera takes the raw image data from the sensor, folds in the camera settings, crunches it through the Nikon image processing "engine", and compresses the result into a jpeg, which it subsequently stores (along with the raw data) in the raw NEF file, and shows you on the back of the camera, etc.
When you convert to DNG, Lightroom does something similar: it takes the raw image data from the raw file, ignores most of the camera settings (except, for example, white balance), crunches it through the Adobe image processing "engine", and compresses the result into a jpeg, which it subsequently stores in the raw DNG file, and shows you via OS codecs or in ACR, or Lr...
So, bottom line, you are just seeing the difference between current renderings of Nikon vs. Adobe. If you edit the NEF in NX2, the preview will be updated when you save the NEF. If you edit the DNG in ACR or Lr, you can also update the preview to reflect the current edits.
etc...
Hope this helps,
Rob.

System or program crashes when converting from NEF to DNG

Hello Adobe.
First off, I love your software.
Second, this is my concern. You guys are pushing DNG as the go to raw format. That would be great if it worked good, but it doesn't.
First, when I convert from my Nikon NEF format (Nikon D7100) it chugs along just fine, then suddenly crashes either the program or my system after converting 50-100 or so images.
I have tried everything from downloading your software again, to turning off everything other then what is needed to do the conversion.
Of course I have the latest DNG utility/plug in/drivers from your website.
Second, the DNG images open much slower then my NEF images. Plus when I view them in Windoze file system view and want to see the photos in extra large icons, it renders the images very slowly.
My system is Windoze 8.1 updated always, Photoshop CC latest and greatest (I'm in the rental program), Bridge and Lightroom.
I have tried to use bridge and lightroom to do the conversion, even a separate utility and the crashing still happens. All these are up to date.
My system has an i7 Intel processor, 16 gb of Kingston ram, an ASUS P8Z77 MPRO mother board and a good stable power supply.
No other software crashes my system like converting from NEF to DNG.
What I do notice is my CPU fan goes into high RPM's and I am wondering if the CPU is overheating causing this.
If that is the case, then it would seem to me the conversion software is taxing the system far more then it should since my system is no slouch and while it isn't the latest and greatest, I would consider it to be in the top 20%,
it should be able to handle the conversion with no problem.
Are you aware of problems with the DNG software and or file format?
Is their any information I could forward to you to help solve the problem?

Photoshop Help | Digital Negative (DNG) - Adobe
helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/digital-negative.html
DNG is a publicly available archival format for storing camera raw files. Adobe provides Adobe DNG Converter, a free utility that converts files from more than ...
That is off the net, therefore, Adobe looks at DNG as part of Adobe Photoshop, which it is if a person chooses to convert.
My issue has to do with it crashing, both my system and software.
I assume if people here are using it, then they can advise me if they are having similar problems.
I have also written Adobe directly several times over the last month and have yet to receive a response.
I apologize that I posted here, but since I consider DNG an integral part of Photoshop, then I think it is appropriate here.
I was also not aware of a DNG forum, if one exists.
Thank you for your assistance.
Jim

Nikon D5200 - Convert NEF (14bit) into DNG (only 12bit?!)

Hello,
I have a problem concerning the DNG converting process of my NEF (RAW) files of my Nikon D5200 to DNG files. NEF file should have 14 bit color space (according to the manual`s on p. 234 - - http://www.nikonusa.com/pdf/manuals/dslr/D5200RM_NT(11)01.pdf - the camera does ONLY capture NEF file as 14 bit file, not in 12 bit files; there is no setting like in den D7100 to change this e.g. to 12 bit). My problem in lightroom is that when I convert my NEFs in lightroom in DNGs it shows me that the DNGs are only 12 bit?! If I go to library > right toolbar > metadata > DNG > "Bit pro sample" it says 12 and NOT 14
How could that be? Is there any chance to fix this and if so, which way to correct this?
Many thanks for your help!

I read the EXIF data with RawDigger (many thanks to ssprengel!) and it seems that the "bits per sample" (RawDigger > EXIF) are the SAME in ALL DNG files (= 16 bit), no matter if I converted a 12 bit lossy or lossless or a 14 bit lossy or lossless NEF file. What I was able to seen in the EXIF data of the DNG files was if the "NEF compression" is lossy or lossless, although is was a DNG file. So I was able to "reconstruct" if this DNG file was once (= before the conversion) a lossy or lossless NEF file, but nit if it was once a 14bit or 12bit NEF file.
As soon as I opened the NEF file in RawDigger I was able to read if the file is a 12 bit lossy, 12 bit lossless, 14 bit lossy, 14 bit lossy. But when I compared the e.g. 12 bit lossless NEF file with the equivalent DNG file, I WAS NOT ABLE to see any difference in terms of quality. Both are exactly the same in terms of their image quality, the e.g. 12 bit lossless NEF file and the converted DNG file. The only differnce between the both is size. The equivalent DNG files are a lot smaller (and it seems the Adobe has a much better compression algorithmus without compromising the image quality):
12 bit lossy NEF (10,9 MB)               = equivalent DNG (7,4 MB)            --> 32% less
12 bit lossless NEF (12,2 MB)          = equivalent DNG (7,5 MB)            --> 39% less
14 bit lossy NEF (13,8 MB)               = equivalent DNG (12,2 MB)          --> 12% less
14 bit lossless NEF (16,2 MB)          = equivalent DNG (12,7 MB)          --> 22% less
So, to summarize, the good news is that no matter what option you chose to save your NEFs in your camera (12 bit lossy, 12 bit lossless, 14 bit lossy, 14 bit lossy) when you convert them in DNGs the quality DOES NOT change. The only downfall is that the metadata in lightroom is somewhat missleading and confusing:
12 bit lossy NEF           = 10 "bits per sample" DNG (in lightroom`s metadata: right toolbar > metadata > DNG), but exactly the same image quality as the 12 bit lossy NEF
12 bit lossless NEF      = 12 "bits per sample" DNG (in lightroom`s metadata: right toolbar > metadata > DNG), but exactly the same image quality as the 12 bit lossless NEF
14 bit lossy NEF           = 12 "bits per sample" DNG (in lightroom`s metadata: right toolbar > metadata > DNG), but exactly the same image quality as the 14 bit lossy NEF
14 bit lossless NEF       = 14 "bits per sample" DNG (in lightroom`s metadata: right toolbar > metadata > DNG), but exactly the same image quality as the 14 bit lossless NEF
Many thanks to all of you and hopefully this help someone who has the same "troubles".

Cs4 will not convert files fron nef to dng

any ideas, have tried updates, reinstall, have windows 8 on computer.

You use the DNG converter to create DNG RAW files for Camera RAW Files like NEF, CR2, ORF etc...
Adobe - Adobe Camera Raw and DNG Converter : For Windows
Adobe - Adobe Camera Raw and DNG Converter : For Macintosh

I'm having troubles converting my raw files from Nikon D5200 (NEF) to DNG. I tried using Lightroom 4, but it didn't identify the folder containing the files. So i downloaded the latest DNG converter but that too didn't identify the files kept in the folde

I'm having troubles converting my raw files from Nikon D5200 (NEF) to DNG. I tried using Lightroom 4, but it didn't identify the folder containing the files. So i downloaded the latest DNG converter but that too didn't identify the files kept in the folder location. So I downloaded DNG converter v7.3 for D5200. It identifies the folder and files; but it is giving me parsing error on trying to convert files. I'm running Windows Vista Home Edition SP1. Kindly advise. Thank you.

I probably missed this detail in what you’ve posted, but do you see the thumbnails of the three cameras’ raw files in Finder if you don’t convert to DNG?
What has happened in the past is that the Apple raw interpreter doesn’t read thumbnails of DNGs it doesn’t like, where at least one thing it didn’t used to like was embedded lens corrections for mirrorless cameras. Are the Olympus and Panasonic mirrorless—meaning there is no optical viewfinder and everything is seen on an LCD screen or perhaps an electronic view finder? If so the reason these are different is that the camera is doing the lens distortion corrections automatically and this information is stored in the raw files and in the DNGs but Apple doesn’t know how to use these embedded lens corrections or doesn’t know how to read the newer DNG spec that does allow for this information to be embedded in the DNG, at least.
Apple could just extract the embedded jpg preview and ignore the other parts of the file it doesn’t understand, but it apparently doesn’t do this.
What I’m not sure about is if the Apple raw interpreter still has this problem or if you’re on an older system without the latest updates for camera raw decoding by Apple.

Metadata baked-in after Convert Photo to DNG?

Since I did Convert Photo to DNG to all my photos (originals were .CR2 and were Developed as well) it seems that Lightroom baked the previous metadata (XMP) to the new .DNG files so now, when I hit the " \ " keystroke to see " Before " (under Develop module) Lightroom now thinks that " Before " is the current state...
This is really bothering me, is it normal that there is no more " Before " state just because I converted all my photos to .DNG
Also, Lightroom history is now showing me " From Matadata " as the last action in the History list... Althought I never used the " Read Metadata from File " function...
So basically, I just converted to DNG all my photos and would like to be able to use the Before function " \ " under the develop module as I use to do with the .CR2...
any help would be appreciated!
thanks!
Danny

I processed a Nikon .nef raw file in Lightroom
. Then I went to the Library Module under
Library and chose Convert to DNG. After the conversion
the complete history was still available. However, the Before/After function using \ or Before/After Views did not work. It was necessary to click on the History State to compare views. Using the Before/After Views, the original could be compared to the processed view by clicking on the Import state.
This will not be a problem if the files are converted to DNG during initial import.
I also recommend backing up originals and all processed files along with the Lightroom database on a least two drives on location and another off-site.

D300 will not open as NEFS or DNG with CS2

hi,
using CS2 ( the only pshp activated on my MBP )
forgot to deactivate my home G5's.
purchased the D300
did not install its software NX or suite
did insert ACR 4.3.1 into adobe plug in
and also converted the NEF to dng
i still cannot open the files.
is it impossible to use CS2 with the D300? must i use CS3
or
what am i doing wrong?
must capture NX be installed
thanks

ACR 4.3.1 will NOT work with Photoshop CS2. The latest version that is available for Photoshop CS2 is ACR 3.7. There will not be any further updates. You need to to download and use the DNG converter, version 4.3.1. It will create DNG copies of your raw images that will open in Photoshop CS2 and ACR 3.7. Capture NX does not have to be installed to make this happen. You just need to use the most recent version of the DNG converter along with the correct version of ACR.

Did my NEF to DNG conversion work properly?

I had read that when I convert to DNG in Lightroom (v4), the file sizes will drop by about 20% (I checked the check box for compression). I'm converting from a batch of 16-bit NEFs I created when scanning slides using the Nikon LS-5000 scanner. Those scans and files were created with Nikon Scan 4.0. After doing the conversion in Lightroom, the DNG file sizes are around 3MB-17MB. The original NEF files were about 135MB. Where in the world did all my data go? I'm concerned that the conversion to DNG threw away a ton of the original data. How is that much of a reduction possible? I'm hoping that there wasn't some catastrophic problem during the conversion, as I also checked the check box to delete the originals after the conversion is finished.
The image quality seems to be okay when looking at the DNG files in Lightroom.
Thanks,
Jay

I scanned at the full resolution (4000dpi, I think) of the LS-5000. The DNGs all appear to have their full original resolution, 5782x3946. This was one of the first things I thought about, too, but the resolution doesn't appear to have been changed any.
Jeff, upon re-opening the Convert Photo to DNG dialog box, I see that I did check "Use Lossy Compression." I spaced. I belived I was telling it to use lossless compression (I was assuming that no compression would have been used otherwise). So the conversion makes them into a high-quality JPEG, basically (but still 16-bit)? If I don't check that, will the DNG conversion use lossless compression, or no compression at all?
These slides are from a few decades to several decades old, all shot by my dad. I'm wondering if I would even see any degradation from using the lossy compression option. 135MB per image seems WAY beyond what is necessary to maintain the quality of these slides, so I would like SOME compression, but don't want to see any clearly visible signs of quality loss. Any words of wisdom welcome.

Is there any benefit to keep the RAW file after editing outside Lightroom creates a TIFF

When working with RAW files in Lightroom and you choose to edit in Photoshop, the only option is "Edit a copy with Lightroom Adjustments" (Edit Original is grayed out). This creates a .TIFF so after you come back from Photoshop you now have two copies of the photo--the RAW file and a TIFF version.
In my normal workflow, I make additional edits to the TIFF file in addition to the changes Photoshop made so I'm left with a "out dated" version of the RAW file. Is there any benefit to keeping the RAW file at that point? I'm doubling my disk usage by keeping it.
Fire away.....

Answering this question:
This got me wonderig why LR turns my 25-30mb CR2 RAW files into 80-95 mb TIFF files when it sends them to Photoshop for editing but Photoshop can open the same 25-30 RAW file in DNG format and save it as a 25-30 mb TIFF. Why are the TIFF's LR creates 3x larger than the ones created by PS?
Camera RAW file formats are compressed to a small file size using manufacturer proprietary information about the image sensor pixel layout. This provides a more efficient loss-less file compression algorithm than TIFF's LZW or ZIP compression algorithms. LZW or ZIP compression is not used when Lightroom exports and opens an image in Photoshop for editing, but you certainly have that option when saving the file after applying your PS edits. DNG files using loss-less compression can produce a file size slightly smaller than RAW format, but I have no experience with DNG.
Answering this question:
CS3 can't read Canon .CR2 RAW files (at least mine can't unless there is a plugin of some kind).
Support for newer camera models like your Canon 7D are only added to the then current (and later version) Adobe Camera RAW Converter and Lightroom. Newer Adobe Camera RAW converter versions (6.3) are not supported in older version of Photoshop like CS3. It is the nature of business marketing and also due to the large expense to support older application versions with "new" plug-in features. It would be a support nightmare!
Hypothetical Example:
"Why doesn't Adobe Camera RAW 10.3 work properly with my Canon 1600 D MK XV 45 Megapixel camera in Photoshop CS3?"

D40x .NEF to DNG conversion fail

I recently got interested in taking HDR photos with my D40x and have taken a few RAW formatted photos that I was going to use. Excited as I was when I tried opening them in PS CS2 I was equally disappointed when I realized I couldn't get them to open. I've never updated my PS CS2 program since the day I got it so I've tried everything and I'm still at a loss, I did the following please let me know if I missed something...
Downloaded PS CS2 version 9.0.2
Downloaded DNG Converter and Camera Raw 3.7
When I open the converter I select the folder that my .NEF files are in and select CONVERT and it spits out this message, "There was an error parsing the file," for every image status. I eventually gave up trying to convert them to DNG and just tried opening them directly into PS CS2 by going to File/Automate/Merge to HDR. Doing this gave me an error message as well but said, "Could not complete the merge to HDR command because a command was not available." So I tried to open it by simply going to File/Open and I received a message that said, "Could not complete your request because it is not the right kind of document."
Anyone else have some ideas of what I could possibly do to get these RAW .NEF photos into my CS2? Any help is appreciated!
Thanks in advance,
Corey

Of course you can use the free DNG converter, but if you want the convenience of opening your NEF files directly, there's no time like the present to upgrade to Photoshop CS5. I don't think you'll get upgrade pricing any longer once Photoshop CS6 releases.
-Noel

Any benefit to convert NEF to DNG

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