Can host hacker break into guest that uses full disk encryption?

I know it is unlikely but let us say host has got owned, ie a hacker has managed to break into the host.
How would they go about breaking into a linux VM that uses full disk encryption?
They can't mess with the .vmdk without damaging it - it is encrypted by the guest.
They can't use vmrun because they do not know the guest passwords.
They can't attach to processes in the guest with debugging tools because they cannot see individual guest processes.
What can they do?  And crucially, what can I do as a countermeasure?

What really matters is WHERE you do the encryption. If the encryption is too low, data in the guest appears unencrypted. If it is in the guest, then the keys live in the guest and since SGX is not around at the moment, keys are somewhere in guest memory even for a little bit of time.
So the real question is what are you trying to achieve?
If you are trying to meet encryption at rest requirements then it makes no difference where you encrypt as the data on the disk will be encrypted and without the key no one can decrypt it. Now if you have keys generated within a VM without using DRNGD or some other high quatlity randomness source, then your keys could be predictable and you need to guard against making it easy for a brute force attack.
If you need to encrypt data in motion?
Then you need to consider how the VM is protected itself, how an application interacts with data to determine during 'motion' if someone should not be accessing the data even though they are already supposedly allowed to do so. Keys are in memory, so therefore you need to guard memory access for those keys to only the application in question. This is the hard part, and requires you to think seriously about logging, key management, etc.
So really what are you trying to achieve?
Best regards,
Edward L. Haletky
VMware Communities User Moderator, VMware vExpert 2009-2015
Author of the books 'VMWare ESX and ESXi in the Enterprise: Planning Deployment Virtualization Servers', Copyright 2011 Pearson Education. 'VMware vSphere and Virtual Infrastructure Security: Securing the Virtual Environment', Copyright 2009 Pearson Education.
Virtualization and Cloud Security Analyst: The Virtualization Practice, LLC -- vSphere Upgrade Saga -- Virtualization Security Round Table Podcast

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