Forcing utf8 encoding on viewing sent messages

Hi.
I have forced Mail.app to send all my messages as UTF-8 by using the well-known command:
defaults write com.apple.mail NSPreferredMailCharset "UTF-8"
That's working fine and my messages are received and viewed as UTF-8. But in Leopard, Mail exhibits the following weirdness: say I get a mail which used English (or any Latin-based script), I reply to it using Cyrillic -- everything looks fine when I write it, and the person I reply to receives it without problems as UTF-8. But when I view my own sent mail, the Cyrillic portion comes out as mumbo jumbo. When I go to Message>View Encoding, no encoding is selected, not even Automatic. When I select UTF-8 there, the message is displayed properly.
Now that's horrible, because it means that I have to fix every single sent message of mine if I want to view it properly. That can't be right.
Is there a way to force Mail.app to use UTF-8 as default encoding for viewing messages?
Thanks a lot.
Tench

The second one clearly says UTF-8 and that should normally make Mail show the text correctly. But the first one seems to indicate you are using some kind of special digital signature, and perhaps that is confusing the situation, causing Mail to apply Latin-1 or another default instead.
I only added the digital signature yesterday and the problem is not related to it -- I had the same behavior before the digital signature. Mail.app is for some reason not displaying these messages as UTF-8 by default.
I've narrowed it down a bit. If I get a UTF-8 encoded mail, and respond to it, there is absolutely no problem. But if I get a Central European charset=ISO-8859-2 mail and respond to it using Cyrillic, the mail is sent as UTF-8 (my forced default) but Mail.app gets confused when viewing my sent mail.
My workaround now is to ask my correspondent to send me UTF-8 (you can force UTF-8 in gmail for instance), I just tested it with a friend and it works.
I still find it strange that there is no way to force the viewing encoding the way one can force the outgoing mail encoding.
Thanks for your help.

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Hello,
I'm having a problem viewing sent messages...I get this message when I click on any message in the sent mail:
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and
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This is how Thunderbird works.
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<img alt="" src="https://support.cdn.mozilla.net/media/uploads/images/2014-08-09-17-05-10-29035c.png">
Pressing Alt or F10 make he following happen
<img alt="" src="https://support.cdn.mozilla.net/media/uploads/images/2014-08-09-17-05-18-8c6d27.png">
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<img alt="" src="https://support.cdn.mozilla.net/media/uploads/images/2014-08-09-17-15-41-49cd6f.png">
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If you’re running Mac OS X 10.3 (Panther), as your profile indicates, you probably have the problem described here:
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Force jvm to use UTF8 encoding for properties?

hi,
my problem is i cannot display turkish characters that are retrieved from properties file [(key, value) pair].The value may contain turkish characters.
reference : java toc
"..When saving properties to a stream or loading them from a stream, the ISO 8859-1 character encoding is used. For characters that cannot be directly represented in this encoding, Unicode escapes are used; however, only a single 'u' character is allowed in an escape sequence..."
instead of iso 8859-1 or directly representing non-conforming characters in the form of UTF8 encoding , i want to use UTF8 . i dont know is there a way to enforce the encoding to UTF8 .is it possible ?
note : javac -encoding or java -Djava.encoding has no use..
thanx in advance

Hi,
I did a lot of testing with the method of my last posting and ran into the following problem: each character, that is not available in iso 8859-1 is discarded and replaced by a '?'. So when e.g. loading arabic characters you get just "?????" as your property's value.
The only possibility to enable other encodings of Property Files is to replace the encoding of the reader to one that is better suited. So I created a customized class, that inherits from java.util.Properties, and supports loading and storing to any encoding. This class I give here:
* Properties.java
* Created on 11. Juni 2003, 14:08
package xy;
* The <code>Properties</code> class represents a persistent set of
* properties. The <code>Properties</code> can be saved to a stream
* or loaded from a stream. Each key and its corresponding value in
* the property list is a string.
* 
* A property list can contain another property list as its
* "defaults"; this second property list is searched if
* the property key is not found in the original property list.
* 
* Because <code>Properties</code> inherits from <code>Hashtable</code>, the
* <code>put</code> and <code>putAll</code> methods can be applied to a
* <code>Properties</code> object. Their use is strongly discouraged as they
* allow the caller to insert entries whose keys or values are not
* <code>Strings</code>. The <code>setProperty</code> method should be used
* instead. If the <code>store</code> or <code>save</code> method is called
* on a "compromised" <code>Properties</code> object that contains a
* non-<code>String</code> key or value, the call will fail.
* 
* <a name="encoding"></a>
* When saving properties to a stream or loading them from a stream, the
* ISO 8859-1 character encoding can be used. For characters that cannot be directly
* represented in this encoding,
* <a href="http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jls/html/3.doc.html#100850">Unicode escapes</a>
* are used; however, only a single 'u' character is allowed in an escape sequence.
* The native2ascii tool can be used to convert property files to and from
* other character encodings.
* 
* 
* This Properties class is an extension of the default properties class an supports the
* loading and saving from and into other encodings than ISO 8859-1.
* 
* @see <a href="../../../tooldocs/solaris/native2ascii.html">native2ascii tool for Solaris</a>
* @see <a href="../../../tooldocs/win32/native2ascii.html">native2ascii tool for Windows</a>
* @author Gregor Kappler, extended the class of JDK by
* @author Arthur van Hoff
* @author Michael McCloskey
* @version 1.64, 06/26/00
* @since JDK1.0
public class Properties extends java.util.Properties {
 private static final String keyValueSeparators = "=: \t\r\n\f";
 private static final String strictKeyValueSeparators = "=:";
 private static final String specialSaveChars = "=: \t\r\n\f#!";
 private static final String whiteSpaceChars = " \t\r\n\f";
 /** Creates a new instance of Properties */
 public Properties() {
 * Reads a property list (key and element pairs) from the input stream.
 * The stream is assumed to be in the specified character encoding.
 * 
 * Every property occupies one line of the input stream. Each line
 * is terminated by a line terminator (<code>\n</code> or <code>\r</code>
 * or <code>\r\n</code>). Lines from the input stream are processed until
 * end of file is reached on the input stream.
 * 
 * A line that contains only whitespace or whose first non-whitespace
 * character is an ASCII <code>#</code> or <code>!</code> is ignored
 * (thus, <code>#</code> or <code>!</code> indicate comment lines).
 * 
 * Every line other than a blank line or a comment line describes one
 * property to be added to the table (except that if a line ends with \,
 * then the following line, if it exists, is treated as a continuation
 * line, as described
 * below). The key consists of all the characters in the line starting
 * with the first non-whitespace character and up to, but not including,
 * the first ASCII <code>=</code>, <code>:</code>, or whitespace
 * character. All of the key termination characters may be included in
 * the key by preceding them with a \.
 * Any whitespace after the key is skipped; if the first non-whitespace
 * character after the key is <code>=</code> or <code>:</code>, then it
 * is ignored and any whitespace characters after it are also skipped.
 * All remaining characters on the line become part of the associated
 * element string. Within the element string, the ASCII
 * escape sequences <code>\t</code>, <code>\n</code>,
 * <code>\r</code>, <code>\\</code>, <code>\"</code>, <code>\'</code>,
 * <code>\ </code> (a backslash and a space)
 * are recognized and converted to single
 * characters. Moreover, if the last character on the line is
 * <code>\</code>, then the next line is treated as a continuation of the
 * current line; the <code>\</code> and line terminator are simply
 * discarded, and any leading whitespace characters on the continuation
 * line are also discarded and are not part of the element string. 
 * Note:
 * <code>\u</code>xxxx is not supported if the encoding is not
 * ISO 8859-1!
 * 
 * As an example, each of the following four lines specifies the key
 * <code>"Truth"</code> and the associated element value
 * <code>"Beauty"</code>:
 * 
 * <pre>
 * Truth = Beauty
 * Truth:Beauty
 * Truth :Beauty
 * </pre>
 * As another example, the following three lines specify a single
 * property:
 * 
 * <pre>
 * fruits apple, banana, pear, \
 * cantaloupe, watermelon, \
 * kiwi, mango
 * </pre>
 * The key is <code>"fruits"</code> and the associated element is:
 * 
 * <pre>"apple, banana, pear, cantaloupe, watermelon, kiwi, mango"</pre>
 * Note that a space appears before each <code>\</code> so that a space
 * will appear after each comma in the final result; the <code>\</code>,
 * line terminator, and leading whitespace on the continuation line are
 * merely discarded and are not replaced by one or more other
 * characters.
 * 
 * As a third example, the line:
 * 
 * <pre>cheeses
 * </pre>
 * specifies that the key is <code>"cheeses"</code> and the associated
 * element is the empty string.
 * @param inStream the input stream.
 * @exception IOException if an error occurred when reading from the
 * input stream.
 public synchronized void load(java.io.InputStream inStream, java.nio.charset.Charset encoding) throws java.io.IOException {
 if (encoding.equals (encoding.forName("8859_1"))) {
 super.load (inStream);
 return;
 java.io.BufferedReader in = new java.io.BufferedReader(new java.io.InputStreamReader(inStream, encoding));
 while (true) {
 // Get next line
 String line = in.readLine();
 if (line == null)
 return;
 if (line.length() > 0) {
 // Continue lines that end in slashes if they are not comments
 char firstChar = line.charAt(0);
 if ((firstChar != '#') && (firstChar != '!')) {
 while (continueLine(line)) {
 String nextLine = in.readLine();
 if(nextLine == null)
 nextLine = "";
 String loppedLine = line.substring(0, line.length()-1);
 // Advance beyond whitespace on new line
 int startIndex=0;
 for(startIndex=0; startIndex<nextLine.length(); startIndex++)
 if (whiteSpaceChars.indexOf(nextLine.charAt(startIndex)) == -1)
 break;
 nextLine = nextLine.substring(startIndex,nextLine.length());
 line = new String(loppedLine+nextLine);
 // Find start of key
 int len = line.length();
 int keyStart;
 for(keyStart=0; keyStart<len; keyStart++) {
 if(whiteSpaceChars.indexOf(line.charAt(keyStart)) == -1)
 break;
 // Blank lines are ignored
 if (keyStart == len)
 continue;
 // Find separation between key and value
 int separatorIndex;
 for(separatorIndex=keyStart; separatorIndex<len; separatorIndex++) {
 char currentChar = line.charAt(separatorIndex);
 if (currentChar == '\\')
 separatorIndex++;
 else if(keyValueSeparators.indexOf(currentChar) != -1)
 break;
 // Skip over whitespace after key if any
 int valueIndex;
 for (valueIndex=separatorIndex; valueIndex<len; valueIndex++)
 if (whiteSpaceChars.indexOf(line.charAt(valueIndex)) == -1)
 break;
 // Skip over one non whitespace key value separators if any
 if (valueIndex < len)
 if (strictKeyValueSeparators.indexOf(line.charAt(valueIndex)) != -1)
 valueIndex++;
 // Skip over white space after other separators if any
 while (valueIndex < len) {
 if (whiteSpaceChars.indexOf(line.charAt(valueIndex)) == -1)
 break;
 valueIndex++;
 String key = line.substring(keyStart, separatorIndex);
 String value = (separatorIndex < len) ? line.substring(valueIndex, len) : "";
 // Convert then store key and value
 key = loadConvert(key);
 value = loadConvert(value);
 put(key, value);
 * Writes this property list (key and element pairs) in this
 * <code>Properties</code> table to the output stream in a format suitable
 * for loading into a <code>Properties</code> table using the
 * <code>load</code> method.
 * The stream is written using the ISO 8859-1 character encoding.
 * 
 * Properties from the defaults table of this <code>Properties</code>
 * table (if any) are not written out by this method.
 * 
 * If the header argument is not null, then an ASCII <code>#</code>
 * character, the header string, and a line separator are first written
 * to the output stream. Thus, the <code>header</code> can serve as an
 * identifying comment.
 * 
 * Next, a comment line is always written, consisting of an ASCII
 * <code>#</code> character, the current date and time (as if produced
 * by the <code>toString</code> method of <code>Date</code> for the
 * current time), and a line separator as generated by the Writer.
 * 
 * Then every entry in this <code>Properties</code> table is written out,
 * one per line. For each entry the key string is written, then an ASCII
 * <code>=</code>, then the associated element string. Each character of
 * the element string is examined to see whether it should be rendered as
 * an escape sequence. The ASCII characters <code>\</code>, tab, newline,
 * and carriage return are written as <code>\\</code>, <code>\t</code>,
 * <code>\n</code>, and <code>\r</code>, respectively. Characters less
 * than <code>\u0020</code> and characters greater than
 * <code>\u007E</code> are written as <code>\u</code>xxxx for
 * the appropriate hexadecimal value xxxx. Leading space characters,
 * but not embedded or trailing space characters, are written with a
 * preceding <code>\</code>. The key and value characters <code>#</code>,
 * <code>!</code>, <code>=</code>, and <code>:</code> are written with a
 * preceding slash to ensure that they are properly loaded.
 * 
 * After the entries have been written, the output stream is flushed. The
 * output stream remains open after this method returns.
 * @param out an output stream.
 * @param header a description of the property list.
 * @exception IOException if writing this property list to the specified
 * output stream throws an <tt>IOException</tt>.
 * @exception ClassCastException if this <code>Properties</code> object
 * contains any keys or values that are not <code>Strings</code>.
 * @exception NullPointerException if <code>out</code> is null.
 * @since 1.2
 public synchronized void store(java.io.OutputStream out, java.nio.charset.Charset encoding, String header)
 throws java.io.IOException
 if (encoding.equals (encoding.forName("8859_1"))) {
 super.store (out,header);
 return;
 java.io.BufferedWriter awriter;
 awriter = new java.io.BufferedWriter(new java.io.OutputStreamWriter(out,encoding));
 if (header != null)
 writeln(awriter, "#" + header);
 writeln(awriter, "#" + new java.util.Date().toString());
 for (java.util.Enumeration e = keys(); e.hasMoreElements();) {
 String key = (String)e.nextElement();
 String val = (String)get(key);
 key = saveConvert(key, true);
 /* No need to escape embedded and trailing spaces for value, hence
 * pass false to flag.
 val = saveConvert(val, false);
 writeln(awriter, key + "=" + val);
 awriter.flush();
 * changes special saved chars to their original forms
 private String loadConvert (String theString) {
 char aChar;
 int len = theString.length();
 StringBuffer outBuffer = new StringBuffer(len);
 for(int x=0; x<len; ) {
 aChar = theString.charAt(x++);
 if (aChar == '\\') {
 aChar = theString.charAt(x++);
 if (aChar == 't') aChar = '\t';
 else if (aChar == 'r') aChar = '\r';
 else if (aChar == 'n') aChar = '\n';
 else if (aChar == 'f') aChar = '\f';
 else if (aChar == '\\') aChar = '\\';
 else if (aChar == '\"') aChar = '\"';
 else if (aChar == '\'') aChar = '\'';
 else if (aChar == ' ') aChar = ' ';
 else
 throw new IllegalArgumentException ("error in Encoding: '\\"+aChar+" not supported");
 outBuffer.append(aChar);
 } else
 outBuffer.append(aChar);
 return outBuffer.toString();
 * writes out any of the characters in specialSaveChars
 * with a preceding slash
 private String saveConvert(String theString, boolean escapeSpace) {
 int len = theString.length();
 StringBuffer outBuffer = new StringBuffer(len*2);
 for(int x=0; x<len; x++) {
 char aChar = theString.charAt(x);
 switch(aChar) {
 case ' ':
 if (x == 0 || escapeSpace)
 outBuffer.append('\\');
 outBuffer.append(' ');
 break;
 case '\\':outBuffer.append('\\'); outBuffer.append('\\');
 break;
 case '\t':outBuffer.append('\\'); outBuffer.append('t');
 break;
 case '\n':outBuffer.append('\\'); outBuffer.append('n');
 break;
 case '\r':outBuffer.append('\\'); outBuffer.append('r');
 break;
 case '\f':outBuffer.append('\\'); outBuffer.append('f');
 break;
 default:
// if ((aChar < 0x0020) || (aChar > 0x007e)) {
// outBuffer.append(aChar);
// } else {
 if (specialSaveChars.indexOf(aChar) != -1)
 outBuffer.append('\\');
 outBuffer.append(aChar);
 return outBuffer.toString();
 * Returns true if the given line is a line that must
 * be appended to the next line
 private boolean continueLine (String line) {
 int slashCount = 0;
 int index = line.length() - 1;
 while((index >= 0) && (line.charAt(index--) == '\\'))
 slashCount++;
 return (slashCount % 2 == 1);
 private static void writeln(java.io.BufferedWriter bw, String s) throws java.io.IOException {
 bw.write(s);
 bw.newLine();
}I hope you can use this class for your needs as I can. For me it supports any characters so far. If you find some bugs on it, let me know
Regards,
Gregor Kappler

Off line viewing of sent messages stored in ICloud.

I would like to store sent messages on the server but also keep a copy on my mac for offline usage. Is this possible?

Hi Peter
No unfortunately I didn't find a solution. I think it's a problem of GMail because this happens also in the webmail of my google account. So Mail is not the problem.
Other strange behaviour, my sent messages are duplicated in the draft box.
I didn't have time to go to my account in line yet.
I think the problem must be solved in your Gmail account on the web.
I let you know if it can be resolved there
Cathy

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