How Windows 7 and 8 hash password

Hello guys,
could you help me to find the best ebook or source, which describe how windows works with passwords, how hash it and which version of crypto. Windows use today (windows 7, 8). I have information from everywhere but I would like to know more. If ebook
will include some nice diagrams I will be happy.
Thank you all.

Hi,
I would suggest you browser on the Microsoft Press books website and see if you can find what you want.
https://www.microsoft.com/learning/en-us/microsoft-press-books.aspx
Regards
Yolanda Zhu
TechNet Community Support

Similar Messages

How to Enhance Security of Windows and Recover Lost/Forgotten Password

You maybe always get in some troubles with your PC. Lost Windows password? Forgot Windows password? Your PC was hacked? Therefore, it is a basic step for every Windows users to enhance the security of Windows password. In the networks, it is found that a number of user’s passwords are easy to guess. Only the smallest groups are the most security conscious and select passwords that are mixed lowercase and uppercase letters, numbers and punctuation to create cryptic passwords. Adopting strong password is one of the most effective ways to ensure system security. Here are several methods for you to enhance the security of your passwords in Windows 7/2000/XP/Vista and so on. You’d better remember the methods below unless you want to reset Windows password from time to time.
1. Is random password a great password?
A common myth is that totally random passwords like Ht3&e#L%5d@$B are the best passwords. This is not true. While they may be strong passwords, they are usually difficult to remember, slow to type, and sometimes vulnerable to attacks against the password generating algorithm. It is easy to create passwords that are strong but much easier to remember by using a few simple techniques. For example, consider the password “Luck-73@Better?”. This password utilizes uppercase and lowercase letters, two numbers, and three symbols. The password is 15 characters long and can be memorized with very little effort. Moreover, this password can be typed very fast. The portion“Luck” and “Better” alternate between left and right-handed keys on the keyboard, improving speed, decreasing typos, and decreasing the chances of someone being able to discover your password by watching you.
2. Create the long Windows password
Although a password may eventually be discovered through some means, it is possible to create a password that cannot be cracked in any reasonable time. If a password is long enough, it will take so long or require so much processing power to crack it. That is essentially the same as being unbreakable (at least for most hackers).
3. Create the Windows password constantly?
This may be good advice for some high-risk passwords, but it is not the best policy for every user. It is frustrating for a user to have to constantly think of and remember new passwords every 30 days. It may be better to focus on stronger passwords and better user awareness rather than limiting password age. A more realistic time for the common user may be 90-120 days.
4. Write down Windows password in a proper place
Sometimes it is necessary for some users losing and forgetting complex passwords easily to write down them somewhere proper. However, it is important to educate users on how to write down passwords properly. Obviously, a sticky note on the monitor is not a good idea, but storing passwords in a safe or even a locked cabinet may be sufficient.
5. 14 characters is the optimal password length
Each character that you add to your password increases the protection. Your passwords should be 8 or more characters in length; 14 characters or longer is the Optimal Password Length. Many systems also support use of the space bar in passwords, so you can create a phrase made of many words. It is not easier to forget and lose, as well as longer than a simple password, and harder to guess.
6. Try not to use the same Windows password for all accounts
Some users always make the same passwords for every account to make it easy to remember. In that case, when any one of them lost, your other information protected by that password will be in danger as well. It is serious to use different passwords for different systems and accounts.
7. Do not use some common words that other users maybe guess
Most of users prefer to use some common words to remember easily, for example, login name, birth date, driver's license, passport number, pets’ name and other words contained their personal information someone knows. In that case, your Windows system will not be safe anymore. Moreover, do remember not to use some words spelled backwards, abbreviations, sequences or repeated characters and adjacent letters, such as, asdfgh, 123456, 888888, abcdef and so on.
You can smoothly use your Windows now because the strong and powerful Windows password is created successfully, Certainly, I believe that many users lost Windows password and forgot Windows password, then you need have to reset Windows password or recover Windows password. It is a big problem for plenty of Windows users that how to reset Windows password. Many users probably do not know how to recover Windows password and they are puzzled by resetting windows password, for instance, reset Windows 7 password, recover password Windows XP, remove Windows Vista password and other operating systems after they create the password with complex letters, numbers and symbols. However, it is unnecessary to worry and it is said that things will eventually sort themselves out. There are many ways to reset forgotten Windows password, including use windows password reset disk and windows password reset software, like Super Windows Password Reset, a professional windows password reset software which could enable you to logon to Windows smoothly without reinstalling system. You can know more by reference to http://www.passwordreset.biz/. Such was the case with using these kinds of tools.
These are all my suggestion about methods to enhance the security of Windows password. To create password for your Windows account is not a thing you should do, but a thing you must do by following my advices. It is the important line of defense against hackers. If your Windows password is indeed attacked finally or nevertheless you lost Windows password, you can try out windows password reset tool I mentioned above. The advantage is that there is no fear of leaking your password to outsiders. Certainly, the only better method is still creating the strong password, do remember it and then change one constantly.

Reported as spam!

HT2731 how can i sync my Apple ID to my iTunes sign-in? I have an old ID showing up in my iTunes sign-in window and cannot get rid of it to show my current Apple ID. I don't have the old password to the old ID in order to "manage" my account.

how can I sync my Apple ID to my iTunes store sign-in window? An old ID keeps showing in the iTunes sign-in window and I cannot get rid of it to show my current Apple ID. I don't have the password for the old ID in order to "manage" my account and make changes. Help. Thanks.

Did you create a new account or did you update your existing account with a new email address ? You can tap on the id in Settings > iTunes & App Stpre and sign out of it and you can then sign with the new/updated account.
If you did create a new account then your existing content will remain tied to your old account, so only that old account will be able to redownload that content and/or download updates to its apps. If you can't remember the password for it then you can try getting it reset via this page : http://iforgot.apple.com

How can I recover passwords in firefox 13.0.1, after an OS change [reinstalled windows 7] and the old programs are in a windows.old folder. Thanks in advance...

1.PerfLogs, 2.Program Files, 3.ProgramData, 4.Users, 5.Windows and 6.autoexec
These were the six folders listed inside windows.old folder. I tried to paste a snapshot of that folder, but I don't know how..

You're welcome

Reseting the Hashed Password after enabling Windows File Sharing

Disclaimer: you'll need a good bit of knowledge about OS X, UNIX, and encryption to understand what I'm talking about.
All right, so normally OS X hashes user passwords using a salted SHA1 encryption. It uses shadowing so that you can't obtain the actual hash value using "% nidump passwd".
BUT, if you enable Windows File Sharing, all that changes. OS X re-hashes your password using the much less secure LANMAN encryption. This allows Windows machines to access your files. (LANMAN is what Windows used to encrypt passwords up through Windows ME. Later versions of Windows use NTLM instead, which is stronger.) This is why, the first time you enable Windows File Sharing, OS X warns you that enabling the feature will require your password to be stored in a less secure manner; it's downgrading the hash from SHA1 to LANMAN.
My question is: I'm done sharing files with idiot Windows users - how do I force OS X to go back to storing my password using SHA1?
Thanks guys.
-Bryan

Thanks biovizier. You're absolutely right, deleting the extra text after ";shadowHash;" and then reseting the password for the user's account does seem to force OS X to rehash the password using SHA1.
Just in case someone else has this question in the future, here's how to verify that your password is hashed in SHA1:
Log in as Root and open the /private/var/db/shadow/hash folder. You'll see files with long, weird names. You'll also see an XML file (with the extension *.state) for each of the files with long, weird names. The XML file contains several tags that tell OS X information about the hashed password - things like when it last logged on, when it was created, how many times login failed, etc.
We're interested in the other files - the ones that don't end in ".state"
To verify that SHA1 is being used, open the long, weird files in textedit. You should see something like this: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There should be a few more zeros; I've cut some out here to save space.
What should NOT exist, is the following: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The second Hashed value does not start with zeros. This hash value is not SHA1. It is the less secure encryption method required for compatability with Windows.
If your hash file opens with zeros, you're using SHA1. Otherwise, follow Biovizier's procedure: Open NetInfo, select the user account whose password needs to be changed back to SHA1, look at the "authentication_authority" value, make sure the value is set to ;ShadowHash; and that no additional text follows that string, then reset the affected account's password. You can then log back in as root and re-check the hash files using textedit and you should find that the hash file opens with solid zeros instead of letters and numbers.
Do NOT manually edit the hash files in textedit. One of those files is the hash for the Root password. If you change that hash file, your root password will no longer work (because when you type MYPASSWORD, OS X will hash that string and find that the hashed value no longer matches the stored hash value in /private/var/db/shadow/hash and OS X will therefore reject your password as incorrect) and you will quickly find yourself locked out of your computer for good.
And finally, just in case you have the computing power of the NSA and are thinking about running the hashes I've listed here: A) They aren't the right length; I've left some characters out and B) I randomly substituted different alphanumerics in for the ones in my real hashes with no rhyme or reason.
Which brings me to another point: NEVER post your hashes online. Yes, it takes a TON of computing power to break them, but still, they're hidden away for a reason!
Anyway, I hope this helps other security buffs out there.
I'm going to make a suggestion to Apple that OS 10.5 be changed so that when you unclick "windows file sharing" the OS immediately rehashes your password in SHA1 again.
-Bryan

There's a black space at the top of my window, and when I open the browser, my home page comes up but the address line is blank. How do I fix this?

There's a black space at the top of my window, and when I open the browser, my home page comes up but the address line is blank. How do I fix this?

-> Tap ALT key or press F10 to show the Menu Bar
-> go to Help Menu -> select "Restart with Add-ons Disabled"
Firefox will close then it will open up with just basic Firefox. Now do this:
-> Update ALL your Firefox Plug-ins https://www.mozilla.com/en-US/plugincheck/
-> go to View Menu -> Zoom -> click "Reset" -> Page Style -> select "Basic Page Style"
-> go to View Menu -> Toolbars -> select Menu Bar and Navigation ToolBar -> unselect All Unwanted toolbars
-> go Tools Menu -> Clear Recent History -> '''Time range to clear: select EVERYTHING''' -> click Details (small arrow) button -> place Checkmarks on '''Cookies, Cache, Site Preferences''' -> click "Clear Now"
-> go to Tools Menu -> Options -> General -> When Firefox starts : select "Show My Home Page" -> Type the address of the website which you want to be your HomePage e.g. http://www.google.com
-> go to Tools Menu -> Options -> Content -> place Checkmarks on:
1) Block Pop-up windows 2) Load images automatically 3) Enable JavaScript
-> go to Tools Menu -> Options -> Privacy -> History section -> '''Firefox will: select "Use Custom Settings for History"''' -> REMOVE Checkmark from '''"Permanent Private Browsing mode"''' -> place CHECKMARKS on:
1) Remember my Browsing History 2) Remember Download History 3) Remember Search History 4) Accept Cookies from sites -> select "Exceptions..." button -> Click "Remove All Sites" at the bottom of "Exception - Cookies" window
4a) Accept Third-party Cookies -> under "Keep Until" select "They Expire"
-> '''REMOVE CHECKMARK from CLEAR HISTORY WHEN FIREFOX CLOSES'''
-> '''When using the Location Bar, suggest: select "History and Bookmarks"'''
-> go to Tools Menu -> Options -> Security -> place Checkmarks on:
1) Warn me when sites try to install add-ons 2) Block reported attack sites 3) Block reported web forgeries 4) Remember Passwords for sites
-> Click OK on Options window
-> click the Favicon (small drop down menu icon) on Firefox SearchBar (its position is on the Right side of the Address Bar) -> click "Manage Search Engines" -> select all Unwanted Search Engines and click Remove -> click OK
-> go to Tools Menu -> Add-ons -> Extensions section -> REMOVE All Unwanted/Suspicious Extensions (Add-ons) -> Restart Firefox
You can enable your Known & Trustworthy Add-ons later. Check and tell if its working.

How to Reset Windows 7 Administrator Password on My Laptop

I have windows 7 Home Premium and i forgot the administrator password. whenever i start the windows 7, it asks for the password to log in. unfortunately, i forgot it. what to do?
I forgot the administrator's password. I'm not able to log in to windows. It says, "did you forgot the password?" whenever i try to log in. How do i reset forgotten Windows 7 admin password without losing data?

In your
your situation,you can recover your password form Safe Mode.Windows 7 system has a built-in administrator account that is created during Windows installation and disable by default, which has no password in it. You need to enable that account before forgetting
your other admin account password. Otherwise your built-in administrator account won’t appear in the screen in this tip.
Step 1: Start your win 7 computer and press “F8″ while the computer boots up. Scroll down to “Safe Mode with Command Prompt” with the arrow keys on the keyboard and press “Enter.” Your computer starts in Safe Mode with Command Prompt.
Step 2: Select the Administrator account that appear in the screen, then enter command prompt. Type: net user ****** 123456 and enter (****** is the account name and 123456 is the new password), it will show you a message that” the command completed successfully.
Step 3: Restart your win 7 computer, then you can log in as ****** with the password 123456. You can go to control Panel to change your account password if necessary.
If this
way doesn't work you can try a tool named Windows Password Recovery Tool Ultimate.

Trying to restore my Mac OS after a hard drive failure and my password is no longer recognized, however I can log in by double clicking on the Lion Icon? How can I reset my password

I am trying to restore my Mac OS after a hard drive failure and my password is no longer recognized, however I can log in by double clicking on the Lion Icon? How can I reset my password

First, make sure caps lock is not on.
Another reason why your password might not be recognized is that the keyboard layout (input source) has been switched without your realizing it. At the login screen, you can cycle through the available layouts by pressing the key combinationcommand-space or command-option-space. See this support article.
If the user account is associated with an Apple ID, and you know the Apple ID password, then maybe the Apple ID can be used to reset your user account password.
Otherwise*, boot into Recovery mode. When the OS X Utilities screen appears, select
Utilities ▹ Terminal
from the menu bar. In the window that opens, type this:
res
Press the tab key. The partial command you typed will automatically be completed to this:
resetpassword
Press return. A Reset Password window opens. Close the Terminal window to get it out of the way.
Select your boot volume ("Macintosh HD," unless you gave it a different name) if not already selected.
Select your username from the menu labeled Select the user account if not already selected.
Follow the prompts to reset the password. It's safest to choose a password that includes only the characters a-z, A-Z, and 0-9.
Select
 ▹ Restart
from the menu bar.
You should now be able to log in with the new password, but your Keychain will be reset (empty.) If you've forgotten the Keychain password (which is ordinarily the same as your login password), there's no way to recover it.
*Note: If you've activated FileVault, this procedure doesn't apply. Follow instead these instructions.

How to stop showing the pop-up window to change password

Hi,
How to stop showing the pop-up windows of changing password if the password is expired in dba_users table. This is related to form6.
Pls advice.
Thanks
Raj

Raj,
Please do not start a new thread with the same problem. If you still need help, respond to your former thread, and we will still try to help you. But you haven't provided an answer to why you can't trap the error.
Re: Trapping of error ora-28001, user expired in daa_users table

How to reset the forgotten Windows user account password

I need Toshiba password reset! How do I reset Toshiba laptop? I would be appreciated if you help me Toshiba password recovery, etc. Well, so frequently to meet these problems in our lives. Today, we together share some ways to reset Toshiba password.
Solution1: Toshiba recovery disks help reset lost password
It only works if we created the recovery disks or CD before we forgot the password. The following listed are the steps to reset disk for Toshiba Windows 7 recovery:
a. Start PC, log on Windows 7 and insert an USB flash drive into the driver.
b. Start -> Control Panel -> User Accounts and Family Safety -> User Accounts -> Create a password reset disk.
c. In welcome screen click Next and select the inserted USB flash drive, click Next.
d. Input the login password in the password field and click Next. When progress indicator shows 100% complete, click Finish to exit. Remove the USB driver from PC.
The method is similar to create a Toshiba recovery CD. Now, the Toshiba Windows 7 password recovery disk is ok. Put it in a safe place for people may use it to reset your password.
Steps to recover password with created Toshiba password reset disk:
e. Click Reset Password in the Windows 7 logon window,
f. Insert the created Toshiba recovery USB disk into the USB driver interface, and click Reset password" to open Password Reset Wizard. Click Next to continue.
g. Choose this USB disk recovery Toshiba from the drop down box. Click Next to continue.
h. Input a new password and re-input it again to confirm. Click Next and then Finish to close the wizard.
Solution2: Reset Toshiba laptop by accounts with administrator rights
If there is default or built-in admin account or other accounts with administrator privileges and rights, we can use it for Toshiba password bypass. Take Toshiba XP recovery as example:
A. Boot system from Safe Mode by pressing F8 when PC stars.
B. Access PC with the available account with administrator rights and privileges.
C. Start - Local Users and Groups lusrmgr.msc in the Search box ENTER - Local Users and Groups - choose Users.
D. Right click the account with unlocked password, select Set Password and then input and confirm the new password.
Solution3: Reset Toshiba password with burned ISO image file
We can burn an .iso image file into a bootable USB disk or CD/DVD and reset the forgotten password easily and quickly. Take one of the most popular Windows password reset tool Ainorsoft Windows Password Recovery as example:
a. Download the program from an accessible PC;
b. Burn its .iso file to a blank CD/DVD or USB disk;
c. Bypass the lost Toshiba password with the burned CD/DVD on the locked PC.
Things will not be tricky if we know the methods for Toshiba password reset once we forgot Toshiba laptop password! Please also remember to share them with your friends!

Thanks for sharing this but you are talking always about Toshiba passwordthis is wrong and I think this could be a little confusing this is a workaround for windows user account password.
As far as I know there are no password set by Toshiba.
The user can set the windows user account password if necessary so this workaround describes how to delete a Windows user account password which is common for all computers with preinstalled Windows OS.
However, thanks for posting ;)

How to Reset Windows 8 Admin Password without Disk

Problem:Forgot Windows 8 admin password and no reset disk available, how can I reset Windows 8 admin password? On the occasion, how to reset password on Windows 8 seems to be our problematic issue. However, the problem looks difficult, not difficult actually. Two factors make efforts on it. One is the new characteristics of Windows 8 system, the other is software technology development. So just let me help you to solve it. Just choose one and put it into practice:1. Get User password via Windows Password Hint.2. Get into computer with PIN code, and reset password for locked account.3. Login windows 8 Via Microsoft MSN Account.4. Reset Windows password with another available admin account.5. Reset Windows 8 password with iSunshare password tool. These methods will be introduced in details for people who have encountered or are facing this problem. 1. Get Administrator password via Windows Password HintWhen we are creating our Windows system account and login password, a password hint will be asked to set up for preparation. This password hint had better can remind you, only just you of lost or forgotten password. So it couldn’t like the password, but is related to your login password. As a result, while you type a wrong password, the password hint will pops up below the password input box. Based on the password hint, you can think of your origin password.  As seen above, my password hint is email [email protected], and my Windows 8 login password is the same as the password of email. So when the password hint pops up, I will think of Windows login password instantly. 2. Get into computer with PIN code, and reset password for locked accountPIN code is a quick, convenient way to sign in to this PC by using a 4-digit code. If you have ever created one, this may be the most simplest and effective method for Windows 8 password reset. Totally two steps are needed. Step 1: Sign in with PIN code
When you forgot your local account password in the login page, sign-in options is provided for you to choose. Click the Sign-in options, there are two options, Password and PIN. Choose PIN, and input 4-digit code in the box. Then you can sign in to your computer successfully. Step 2: Press Windows +X, and click on Command Prompt (Admin) and Yes. Step 3: On the Command Prompt, type in: Net User <user name> <new password> and press Enter to reset a new password for Windows 8.  Command Prompt screen appears, input the words like the words in the red box, user name is iSunshare, new password is 12345, and then press Enter to complete the Windows password reset process.  3. Login windows 8 Via Microsoft MSN AccountIf your computer has set up to sign in to Windows 8 with Microsoft account, and you can login Windows with it, and create a PIN that any user who has a password must enter it when waking this PC, and then login with PIN code, reset password with Command Prompt. 4. Reset Windows 8 Password with Another available Admin AccountIf there is another admin account available, log on to Windows with this account first, and then reset other accounts passwords would be easy.
>> Enter Computer Management screen
Click My Computer to select Manage to enter this screen
>> Set password for account you want to reset
Click Local Users and Groups, choose Users, and right-click the account you want to reset its password to choose Set Password. 5. Reset Windows 8 password with iSunshare password toolWhen you have no password reset disk, the first and most important effort of Windows password recovery advanced tool is to create a password reset disk. How to reset Windows 8 forgotten password step by step by iSunshare Windows Genius Advanced? Follow the below steps.Step 1: Download iSunshare Windows password recovery advanced tool from iSunshare official website. Install and launch it on an accessible computer.Step 2: Create a password reset disk
Insert writable USB or CD/DVD into accessible computer and select correct media type, and then click Begin burning to burn the removable device. Until the message “Successfully burning” pops up, it means password reset disk has been created completely.
Step 3: Boot from USB or CD/DVD Setup
>> Insert the removable device to your locked computer
>> Boot your locked computer, and press DEL or F2 at the same time to enter BIOS setting screen
>> Reset removable device as the first boot device under Boot option
>> Windows password reset screen appears after all the above settingsStep 4: Reset Windows 8 forgotten password
After all the above settings, Windows password reset screen appears.
>> Select the Windows system type and the account you want to reset its password. Or you can add a new account for Windows 8.
>> Click “Reboot” to restart your computer, then you could login Windows 8 without password successfully.   Source: Reset Windows 8 Password without Disk

A few days ago, I had met the headache things that I had forgotten Windows 8 password. The login screen rejected my passwords. I was frustrated because there was very important data on my disk and I couldn’t reinstall the OS. ………….
I fortunately got to know the PCUnlocker program, which is a professional windows password recovery tool for us to reset windows 8 password instantly yet no data loss.

How to recover administrator password in windows 7 using usb

I have an HP netbook mini and need to how to recover administrator password in windows 7 using usb as we have forgotten and need to load itunes from another Iphone.
This question was solved.
View Solution.

Hi,
You could use a reset utility such as the free example on the link below - using another PC, this can be created on a usb flash drive.
http://pogostick.net/~pnh/ntpasswd/
Regards,
DP-K
****Click the White thumb to say thanks****
****Please mark Accept As Solution if it solves your problem****
****I don't work for HP****
Microsoft MVP - Windows Experience

Need help with how to reset bios and admin password to reformat hard drive in 8440p elitebook.......

need help with how to reset bios and admin password to reformat hard drive in 8440p elitebook? removal of cmos, resetting laptop, using cccleaner, windows password recovery and hiren's was noneffective, any help is appreciated. thanks

Hi,
As your notebook is a business class machine, security is more stringent - the password is stored in non-volatile memory and there are no 'backdoor' passwords. Your best option would be to contact HP regarding this.
Regards,
DP-K
****Click the White thumb to say thanks****
****Please mark Accept As Solution if it solves your problem****
****I don't work for HP****
Microsoft MVP - Windows Experience

I installed Identity Finder, and I have to enter a password to get into Firefox, which I like. However, even though my settings are set to "Show my windows and tabs from last time," I have to manually click on each one to add in a new tab each time. An

I installed a security program called Identity Finder whick requires a master password for Firefox on my laptop, which I like. However, even though my settings are to "Show my windows and tabs from last time," I have to manually add each link in a new tab each time. Any suggestions? Thanks in advance.

Pure speculation, but maybe that Identity Finder program is deleting your browsing history which is how Firefox restores tabs and windows from the previous session. Check with technical support for that program or look at the manual.

Pop up window asks for password to access os x applications: how to bypass necessary signing in?

pop up window asks for password to access os x applications: how to bypass annoying signing in?

Mac OS X v10.6: Mail.app won’t open, or "You can't use this version of Mail…" alert after installing Security Update 2012-004:
http://support.apple.com/kb/TS4424?viewlocale=en_US&locale=en_US
Fellow user Grant Bennet-Alder offers this solution:
Some users have reported this problem if the Mail Application has been moved out of the top-level /Applications folder, or duplicated in another location.
When the Security Update is done, the old version of Mail is disabled.
The solution has been to:
1) make certain Mail is in the /Applications folder
2) There is no other copy anywhere else.
3) Once steps 1 and 2 have been done, Manually download and re-apply the Security Update (2012-004) by hand.
Security Update 2012-004 (Snow Leopard)
If the Mail.app has been LOST, it can be re-installed by applying the 10.6.8 version 1.1 combo update. But this update is quite large and it is usually not necessary:
Mac OS X 10.6.8 Update Combo v1.1

How Windows 7 and 8 hash password

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