Mac HD displays as "media" in disk utility, Other problems.

Hey all,
I've got a couple problems here.
First being my hard drive is failing, I am aware of that. Not much I expect from you guys for that.
Second, my backup files have been corrupted and unusable.
Third, I can not get to single user mode.
Fourth, permissions on startup disk are most likely corrupt, stalling the system.
Fifth, Disk Utility identifies the startup disk as "media" using install CD.
So here's the deal.  It started as: I suspect I had corrupted files in a folder that I can neither find nor rectify.
Upon doing backups with time machine, The program & computer would freeze for hours on end (most likely hung up on this/these corrupted files), no new backups resulted, and for some reason the original backup from a year ago disappeared.  This could have been a problem from a failing harddrive, I'm not sure.
Which leaves me with no backup to start over from.  (And a total loss of years of photos and documents)  :-(
I can not load osx from the hard drive, it just gives me the hopeless folder with a question mark.  I have tried Cmd-S, to no avail.  No safe mode and holding Cmd on startup gives me nothing.
I have done the Cmd-Option-P-R with success but no helpful fixes.
So, I can sometimes, with luck, restart the computer (no buttons pressed) and I will get to the blue screen before the log in window (computer set up for multiple users, but only because of migration's automatic setup on a new computer)
But I get the spinny gear and then a sort of reset back to the blue screens (light blue, darker blue, spinny gear, reset, repeat).
I assume this has to do with a screw up in permissions or privileges amongst users and is confusing itself.
I suspect that there was an issue with backing up files in relation to this.
What if anything, can I do to reset the permissions/privileges without being able to get past the log in screen?
I can get to the Disk Utility on the Mac OS install disk but it only identifies the startup disk as "media." I understand that it's most likely because of a failing hard drive.... But is there any way to access the hard drive before the CD install disk kicks in, or regular booting starts, in the off chance the hard drive is functioning?
Also, is the terminal on the install disk software able to run fsck?
Would it be possible to clone the hard drive info (if the hard drive still works) and pop it in the machine without recourse?
Any help is appreciated
Thanks    

I have exactly the same problem.
Tried all the usual things, like safe boot, and PRAM resets.
Because the drive shows as a zero byte device you can't repair or reformat it.
I did managed to get it to correctly appear and run following a very cold reboot, but it soon vanished when running disk repair.
I fear that either my HDD or the controller is kaput? Any thoughts?

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    Anyone got any other observations on this issue?

    Problem resolved. I'm posting this note for anyone else who might run into this situation and come across this discussion.
    It actually did turn out to be Sophos -- Cloud, that is. I'd been using Sophos' free Mac antivirus software on a variety of systems but forgot that I was now testing out Sophos Cloud on my own MacBook, which is their new endpoint solution, and supposed to be compatible with OS X 10.9 (although the Mac version is listed as "beta") Sophos Cloud includes a new feature called Device Control which allows you to create a company-wide policy to control access to hardware such as USB drives, optical drives, etc. But apparently it's still pretty buggy. I had my Device Control configured with the default setting of "monitor but do not block" but it was most definitely gumming up the system. With Sophos Cloud installed, here's what happens if I try to run "Verify Disk" on any attached drive. Note on the left side how "disk2s2" shows as a sub-volume for each hard drive.
    So if I uninstall Sophos Cloud, reboot and rescan, here's what I get:
    Works fine. Note that the "disk2s2" subvolumes are also gone. This is the way Disk Utility also appears on a 10.8 or 10.9 system, even if you have the standard free Sophos for Mac software installed. It's only Sophos Cloud that's not playing nice. It also appears to have stopped me from being able to play DVDs from an attached Apple USB SuperDrive -- that problem was likewise solved by removing Sophos Cloud.

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