Swap used but no page outs

What would cause OS X, Mountain Lion in this case but I believe I've seen this in previous versions as well, to use swap space but not to page out?
See:
Its been a while since I've had to delve into the whys and wherefores of memmory managment and paging systems.
thanks

Thanks for that, it was a good vm refresher.
However after giving the doc a quick read I didn't see any mention of OS X use of swap vs. paging. Unless the term has changed meaning when a process was swapped its entire memory footprint was written out to disk. Now if my memory was all used up and I started a new program I could see the need to swap out an existing program to make room (but even this case, at least as I remember it the paging system would be used)
So my question still is open, what causes OS X to swap rather then page when there is memory available and what does OS X even mean by swapping?
thanks
Message was edited by: Frank Caggiano - looking at the Activity Monitor page on the Apple site isn;t any help. They state:
Swap used:
This is the amount of information copied to the swap file on the Mac's drive.

Similar Messages

  • Performance problem ,  100 % swap used, but vmstat -   sr = 0

    Hi,
    I have a performance problem on a server. It is sometimes very low during several hours.
    context : v890, 32 Go RAM, 8 SPARC IV+, solaris 10 release 03/05, veritas volume manager, containers, several oracle databases, applications...
    with iostat, swap partition : %b -> 100% !!!!
    with vmstat, r-> 0, b -> 0, w ->29, free memory : 600 Mo , sr -> 0, idle : more than 50%,
    uptime, load average : 6
    vmstat -S : si -> 0 , so -> 0
    vmstat -p : api -> 45126682863 ( probably a bug ) , apo -> 0 fpi -> 1895320681342 ( probably a bug ), fpo -> 0
    It's difficult to me to find the problem. Is it paging activity ??? someone can tell me, what is the memory limit for paging activity start ?
    If you thing I'm in the wrong way, thanks for all ideas :)
    Julien
    Edited by: Wylem on Feb 28, 2008 6:11 PM

    Does seem a bit odd.
    The 'w' column doesn't necessarily mean that anything bad is happening now, but it does mean that the system was severely memory limited at some point in the past at least.
    Paging should occur when free memory drops below LOTSFREE. I don't remember if swapping happens at a particular point, but probably wouldn't happen above DESFREE. The page scanner should become active (non-zero 'sr' numbers) any time the memory is below LOTSFREE.
    Since you have Solaris 10, you might want to grab the dtrace toolkit and see if some of the tools in there show you anything more useful (some of the I/O ones might break down the access further).
    So it really doesn't look like you're swapping/paging out anything now, but you almost certainly did in the past. It could be that you're using an app that has paged out a lot of stuff do disk, so that the I/O you're seeing is it bringing stuff back now that RAM is available.
    Darren

  • Page outs is TWO to THREE TIMES page ins

    Have been having much trouble with a slow Macbook and have been reading on this forum for solutions. Please know that I have little understanding of any of this stuff although I do know enough to check Activity Monitor---and my page outs can be 2 to 3 times my page ins. Isn't that really unusual? Is my little Macbook in serious trouble? The spinning beachball and slowness happen usually after I've been using Safari for quite awhile, particularly with lots of tabs and images; if my Trend Microsecurity then decides to update itself, I might as well shut the computer off for the remainder of the night. This is what just happened this afternoon---I got on Safari for the first time today, watched one short video clip, then CRASH---couldn't do anything with any other program or window---then noticed that Trend Micro was updating. I ran Etrecheck at that time (took forever) and then like an idiot somehow lost that log before I could get to this forum. But the page outs were MUCH larger than page ins.  Last night when this happened, page outs were 2.85gb and ins were 898.9mb. One reason I'm confused is because Best Buy's "Apple guy" said I didn't need any RAM. 
    I'm including the Etrecheck I just ran but things have settled down now so I'm not sure it's telling the whole picture:
    Hardware Information:
              MacBook (13-inch, Mid 2010)
              MacBook - model: MacBook7,1
              1 2.4 GHz Intel Core 2 Duo CPU: 2 cores
              2 GB RAM
    Video Information:
              NVIDIA GeForce 320M - VRAM: 256 MB
    System Software:
              Mac OS X 10.6.8 (10K549) - Uptime: 0 days 1:55:41
    Disk Information:
              Hitachi HTS545025B9SA02 disk0 : (232.89 GB)
                        (null) (disk0s1) <not mounted>: 200 MB
                        Macintosh HD (disk0s2) /: 232.57 GB (149.81 GB free)
              MATSHITADVD-R   UJ-898 
    USB Information:
              Apple Inc. Built-in iSight
              Western Digital External HDD 149.05 GB
                        (null) (disk1s1) <not mounted>: 200 MB
                        Time Machine Backups (disk1s2) /Volumes/Time Machine Backups: 148.73 GB (40.71 GB free)
              Apple Inc. BRCM2070 Hub
                        Apple Inc. Bluetooth USB Host Controller
              Apple Inc. Apple Internal Keyboard / Trackpad
    FireWire Information:
    Thunderbolt Information:
    Kernel Extensions:
              com.trendmicro.kext.KERedirect          (1.0.0)
              com.trendmicro.kext.filehook          (1.5.0)
    Problem System Launch Daemons:
              [failed] com.apple.suhelperd.plist
              [not loaded] org.samba.winbindd.plist
    Problem System Launch Agents:
              [failed] com.apple.Kerberos.renew.plist
    Launch Daemons:
              [loaded] com.adobe.fpsaud.plist
              [loaded] com.trendmicro.icore.av.plist
              [loaded] com.trendmicro.icore.main.plist
              [loaded] com.trendmicro.icore.wp.plist
              [loaded] com.trendmicro.tmsm.launcher.plist
              [loaded] com.trendmicro.tmsm.plugin.plist
    Launch Agents:
    User Launch Agents:
              [loaded] com.google.keystone.agent.plist
              [not loaded] jp.co.canon.Inkjet_Extended_Survey_Agent.plist
    User Login Items:
              iTunesHelper
              WeatherBug Alert
              Canon IJ Network Scanner Selector2
              BitTorrent
              Canon IJ Network Scanner Selector EX
              TmLoginMgr
    3rd Party Preference Panes:
              Flash Player
              Flip4Mac WMV
              handyPrint
              MacFUSE
    Internet Plug-ins::
              Flip4Mac WMV Plugin: Version: 2.3.8.1
              FlashPlayer-10.6: Version: 12.0.0.44 - SDK 10.6
              EPPEX Plugin: Version: 3.0.5.0
              Flash Player: Version: 12.0.0.44 - SDK 10.6
              JavaAppletPlugin: Version: 13.9.8 - SDK 10.6 Outdated! Update
              QuickTime Plugin: Version: 7.6.6
              GarminGpsControl: Version: 4.0.4.0 Release - SDK 10.6
              Silverlight: Version: 5.1.20913.0 - SDK 10.6
              iPhotoPhotocast: Version: 7.0
    Bad Fonts:
              None
    Old applications:
              Kindle:          Version: 1.8.3 - SDK 10.0
                        /Applications/Kindle.app
    Time Machine:
              Information not available
    Top Processes by CPU:
                  10%          locationd
                   6%          iCoreService_av
                   5%          WindowServer
                   3%          EtreCheck
                   1%          coreservicesd
    Top Processes by Memory:
              221 MB          WebProcess
              125 MB          Safari
              86 MB          mds
              47 MB          iCoreService_av
              45 MB          Mail
    Virtual Memory Statistics:
              451 MB          Free RAM
              809 MB          Active RAM
              275 MB          Inactive RAM
              256 MB          Wired RAM
              923 MB          Page-ins
              1.50 GB          Page-outs
    Thanks for any help!

    > It's OK to have 8 gb if I still use Snow Leopard? That site said that OS 7 is required for anything over 8 gb
    If you have 8 GB in a 2 x 4 GB configuration you can still run Snow Leopard.
    These details are confusing.  I myself got confused so I chatted with OWC to straighten it out.  If you have any questions you can chat with them yourself.  Here is what I learned.
    OWC told me if you use the 4 GB chips then you can run Snow Leopard.  If you use the 8 GB chips then you must upgrade to 10.7.5 or later (Lion).  If you use the 4 GB chips then you can upgrade to Lion or later.  I also note (as K implied) that for 8 GB total memory the 2 x 4 GB configuration will run faster than a 1 x 8 GB configuration.  So you will want the former.  I confirmed the 4 GB chips are compatible with your Model 7,1.  (That is also confusing on the web site.)
    (K spoke about four slots while your Model 7,1 has two slots but the concept is the same.)  You want to fill all slots with memory chips.
    MacTracker confirmed you have two memory slots.
              Memory Slots          2 - 204-pin PC3-8500 (1066MHz) DDR3 SO-DIMM
    As K said, if you transition to Lion, the old PowerPC applications such as AppleWoks are no longer supported.  So if you need these old applications then you would want to run Snow Leopard. If and when you need the Lion, Mountain Lion, or Mavericks features you can upgrade to those OSes.
    If you ordered a 1 x 8 GB configuration then don’t sweat it.  OWC will gladly take it in return for a 2 x 4 GB configuration.  That is why we recommend OWC and Crucial.  They give excellent customer service.  To be polite I would return the package unopened.  You can chat with them on their live chat line or on the phone about a return, if needed.

  • Every time I use the internet the pages keep reloading every 10-20 seconds. worked with my internet provider for over a year thinking it was their fault, but it turns out it's my computer. Can anybody help? Thanks.

    Every time I'm using the internet, my pages reload every 10-20 seconds. Very aggravating. I worked with my internet provider for a year thinking it was their fault, but it turns out to be my computer, not the internet provider. Can anybody tell me why this is happening? Thank you.

    Hi Mary,
    Open Console in Applications>Utilities & see if there are any clues or repeating messages when this happens.

  • Page Outs and Swap Used

    I'm considering adding more memory to my system.
    I currently have 10 GB. I'm not sure how what to expand to.
    I'm wondering what Page outs and Swap used means in Activity Monitor.
    I just recelty looked at it and it shows:
    VM: 199.57 GB
    Page ins: 10.54 GB
    Page outs: 336 KB
    Swap used: 488 KB
    Free: 3.91 GB
    Although, prior to checking, I had been running Photoshop.
    While 10 GB may not be a huge amount of RAM, it appears that my system is, or has been swapping out memory.
    Is that correct? As I'm not certian what these memory stats mean in Activity Monitor.

    The free indicator is an instantaneous indication of how much was free at the instant you looked.
    The pageouts counter is an incrementing counter that starts from 0 at startup and goes up when pageouts occur, and does not go down until you restart.
    Pageouts are a bad sign because they indicate that at some point, NO more memory could be freed, and some was needed, so something important had to be sent out to the Hard Drive to make room. This slows down everything. Unless those numbers represent days of use, you could benefit from more RAM memory.

  • OS 10.8.5 on iMac grinding to a halt - fairly usual CPU but up to 7GB Page outs after starting Safari (I think)

    Hi
    I'm running OS 10.8.5 on an iMac (early 2009, 4GB memory), which has been running fine up until today:
    Applications started becoming very unresponsive, and eventually beach balled until it became unusable. Restarts didnt cure it.
    Having looked in the Activity Monitor from suggestions in discussions here, the System Memory 'Page Outs' seemed high, at 7GB
    For a while, if I didnt run Safari, it seemed to stay at 0
    Once I've run Safari, the Page Outs keep climbing, even when Safari is closed
    The Page Outs are raising at between 1MB/sec and 7MB/sec, which i think seems high based on reading people's comments
    (CPU usage seemed fairly normal, except for an occaisional 'Safari Web Content' jump to 20% once in a while)
    Im using Safari 6.0.5, and aside from Java being enabled (I've tried turning it off, same effect), theres nothing unusual about what I'm doing in Safari
    Any ideas about what could be causing this / what to do?
    Many thanks in advance

    There is excessive swapping of data between physical memory and virtual memory. That can happen for two reasons:
    You have a long-running process with a memory leak (i.e., a bug), or
    You don't have enough memory installed for your usage pattern.
    Tracking down a memory leak can be difficult, and it may come down to a process of elimination.
    When you notice the swap activity, open the Activity Monitor application and select All Processes from the menu in the toolbar, if not already selected. Click the heading of the Real Mem column in the process table twice to sort the table with the highest value at the top. If you don't see that column, select
    View ▹ Columns ▹ Real Memory
    from the menu bar.
    If one process (excluding "kernel_task") is using much more memory than all the others, that could be an indication of a leak. A better indication would be a process that continually grabs more and more real memory over time without ever releasing it. Here is an example of how it's done.
    The process named "Safari Web Content" renders web pages for Safari and other applications. It uses a lot of memory and may leak if certain Safari extensions or third-party web plugins are installed. Consider it a prime suspect.
    Another process often implicated in memory leaks is "inkjet8," which is a component of the HP printing softwre. If it's present, force-quit the process in Activity Monitor to solve the problem temporarily. If you don't use an HP printer, remove the software. Otherwise, if the problem is recurrent, update the software (which may not help) or contact HP support.
    If you don't have an obvious memory leak, your options are to install more memory (if possible) or to run fewer programs simultaneously.
    The next suggestion is only for users familiar with the shell. For a more precise, but potentially misleading, test, run the following command: 
    sudo leaks -nocontext -nostacks process | grep total
    where process is the name of a process you suspect of leaking memory. Almost every process will leak some memory; the question is how much, and especially how much the leak increases with time. I can’t be more specific. See the leaks(1) man page and the Apple developer documentation for details.

  • My MacBook (late 2009 Mac OS X Lion 10.7.5 (11G63) often runs VERY slow...beach ball of death frequently.  My page ins (5.29GB), page outs (5.64BG), and swap files (10GB) seem extremely high in comparison to most other discussions in here.  HELP!!??

    My MacBook (late 2009 Mac OS X Lion 10.7.5 (11G63) often runs VERY slow...beach ball of death frequently.  My page ins (3.29GB), page outs (5.64BG), and swap files (10GB) seem extremely high in comparison to most other discussions in here.   I don't know how to copy the pie chart so it shows on here but here's what it says right now:
    Free - 176 MB
    Wired - 592MB
    Active - 843MB
    Inactive - 432MB
    Used - 1.82 GB
    VM size - 198GB
    The page ins and page outs have 0 bytes/sec in the parenthesis even though the numbers are so high. 
    Any help anyone could provide would be greatly appreciated!!!

    You difinately need more ram. 2gb is the bare minimum to run just the Lion OS, anything extra will slow your Mac to a crawl. Upgrade to 8gb from either Crucial http://www.crucial.com/ or OWC http://eshop.macsales.com/
    And you will be a happy camper!

  • How to remove a text in browser: Some plug ins used by this page are out of date

    How to remove a text in browser: Some plug ins used by this page are out of date. It occur in every page when I surfing. I am aware that is a threat but when I tried to install an update of flash the userinit.dll file from windows registry had gone and I had to reset everything.

    a error during the flash update might be itself an indication of malware active on the pc. the browser is your door to the web - therefore it's very important to keep it and all plugins up to date in order to keep your pc & the integrity of your personal data safe.
    [https://www.mozilla.org/plugincheck/]

  • Since installing Mavericks on my MacBook Pro, I have many (not all) documents that cannot be opened in either Pages '09 or Pages 5.  They show on my doc lists, but are greyed out so I can't try to change extensions or anything else.  Some are PDFs.

    Since installing Mavericks on my MacBook Pro, I have many documents, but not all, that cannot be opened in either Pages 5 or in Pages '09.  The names show in my document lists, but are greyed out.  They do not show any extensions, but I'm sure at seast some of them are PDFs.  As I cannot open them, I am unable to try to experiment with any solutions - I am not tech savvy, but can sometimes fix things by trial and error.  I have no issues with sharing documents as I have no other devices.  I just want to be able to open my saved documents!  Also, the documents I can open have to be persistently coaxed to open to a point that it is extremely aggravating.  I am not so happy with this recent "upgrade."  Any advice would be greatly appreciated.

    You use Finder to find stuff. It is what you use to look at where your files are kept and to rename, move or trash them. If you double click on a file in Finder it finds the right software to open it for you.
    To open particular files you use the right software for each type. Usually, but not always, the software that made the file.
    Pages opens files ending in .pages. Also .txt, .rtf, and doc.
    Pages 5 is the latest (but certainly not the greatest) version of Pages. It has trouble opening all sorts of files including the older Pages '09 files but it will still do it.
    Unfortunately Apple has chosen for Pages 5 to also save its files as exactly the same file extension .pages despite it being a different format that can not be opened by the older Pages '09.
    As we all know Apple is wise and great beyond belief and would not do something that on the face of it looks extraordinarily stupid and shortsighted. Therefore we know that it must be our fault and we are not holding the software right. Because we are bad users, we must be punished, by either having to use Pages 5 or jump through hoops to avoid using Pages 5.
    If you have installed Pages 5 any .pages file (old or new) will be opened by Pages 5. If you then save the file, Pages 5 will change the file format. So don't open your files with Pages 5 and don't save them if you do.
    To stop Pages 5 opening and resaving your old files, you need to drag it to the trash and empty it.
    When it is no longer around to annoy you, you can go back to using Pages 09.
    Peter

  • Error:  Namespace prefix 'split-by-page-break' used but not declared.

    I have my machine reimaged, now when I try to preview an rtf template I get the below error. Nothing has changed in my template and I am using 1.0.0 Build 9 as before my reimage as well. This is an uregent problem that I am not able to find the solution for on my own. Please advise with any help.
    Caused by: oracle.xdo.parser.v2.XPathException: Namespace prefix 'split-by-page-break' used but not declared.
         at oracle.xdo.parser.v2.XSLProcessor.reportException(XSLProcessor.java:782)
         at oracle.xdo.parser.v2.XSLProcessor.newXSLStylesheet(XSLProcessor.java:564)
         ... 14 more
    Thanks

    I'm just new to XMLP and am receiving the same error.. My error is occuring when trying to use sub-templates in my master template.
    I believe I have the syntax correct:
    To import template file:
    <?import:file:h:///CN_LTR_TEMPLATES.rtf?>
    to call the sub-template:
    <?call-template: signature:?>
    Its the call-template to signature thats generating my error message.. My only thought is that its not calling my import properly..
    Anyway.. Hope this might help you a bit.. you never mentioned anything about using a sub-templates. Perhaps since you formated your computer, your template may be in a different location or gone all together (that is if you are using sub-templates).
    If i figure anything out in the mean time, i'll let you know..
    Edited by: user8682333 on Aug 16, 2009 6:51 AM

  • Trying to delete pages 21-24 on iPhoto book but "remove pages" option grayed out and pressing delete button not doing anything.  Help!

    Trying to delete pages 21-24 on iPhoto book but "remove pages" option grayed out and pressing delete button not doing anything.  These extra pages resulted from using Autoflow and now we can't seem to get rid of them.  Help!

    Good morning Old Toad.
    I did as you suggested:
    1) Booted from install CD.
    2) Ran Disk Utilities on internal hard drive--no repairs necessary. For good measure, did the same thing on external drive. Also no repairs necessary.
    3) Checked software update--no updates found. About this Mac said I was already running 10.4.7. For good measure, I downloaded the latest and installed it. Since it let me run the install, I'm not sure if I installed something new or reinstalled what I already had.
    4) I rebooted from CD, ran disk utilities, ran repair disk--no repairs necessary. Repaired permissions and a lot of permissions repaired.
    5) Tried to delete the files and the same old thing happened: kernel panic. The specific message:
    panic(cpu 0 caller 0x00102A08): jnl: transaction too big (1587712 >= 1572352 bytes, bufsize 8192, tr 0x29f1fb0 bp 0x2801de40)
    So there's no change in my status.
    I'm trying to delete the files because:
    A) They already take .5 Gb.
    B) I can't get rid of them ever. If I move the problem files to a different folder, I can only do one successful drag-and-drop backup to the external drive until the "new" thumb segments become unerasable just like the previous versions and crash the system.
    C) I can't even "just" drag and drop every file/folder except the thumbs, because that ends up crashing the system as well. So I have to drag and drop every file/folder in the iPhoto hierarchy individually. Which makes me less inclined to backup, which defeats the purpose of a backup.
    D) After the iPhoto fiasco I'm just crabby about all the Apple screw-ups I'm experiencing and I want to get them fixed.
    Thanks for your help. Any additional suggestions would be appreciated.
    G4   Mac OS X (10.4.6)  

  • Hi, I am trying to download IOS7 to my ipad. The programme has locked at the 'Choose a Wif-Fi network' page, a box says 'joining other network' but the page is greyed out and can't move from it.  How can I clear this screen and finish the download. Thanks

    Hi, I am trying to download IOS7 (not sure if it's 1 or 2) to my ipad. The programme has locked at the 'Choose a Wif-Fi network' page, a box says 'joining other network' but the page is greyed out and can't move from it.  How can I clear this screen and finish the download. Thanks

    Hello Den53,
    Thanks for using Apple Support Communities.
    For more information on this, take a look at:
    iOS: Turning off and on (restarting) and resetting
    http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1430?viewlocale=en_US
    Press and hold the Sleep/Wake button for a few seconds until the red "slide to power off" slider appears, and then slide the slider.
    After the device has turned off, press and hold the Sleep/Wake button until the Apple logo appears.
    Best of luck,
    Mario

  • Upload failed your changes were saved but could not be uploaded because of an error. you may be able to upload this file using server web page. save a copy

    Hi All,
    upload failed your changes were saved but could not be uploaded because of an error. you may be able to upload this file using server web page. save a copy button.
    This is the issue which I am facing while working with SharePoint 2010. In a sharePoint 2010 document library I am having an excel file and I am trying to open it from Windows 7 and is office 2010.
    I cam e across few suggestion as mentined below but unable to find the location where to do
    Go to Resource Policies > Web >
    Rewriting > Custom Headers > (if 'Custom Headers' is not visible, click
    Customize on the right top to enable the view).
    Create a new policy with the Resource as <fully qualified domain name of the SharePoint server:*/*> (for example https://sharepoint.juniper.net:*/* ).
    Create the action as Allow Custom Headers.
    Apply the settings to the required roles.
    Please suggest.

    Hi rkarteek
    All things you have to do is as follows:
    1. Open regedit.exe
    2. Naviagate to following key:
    [HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Office\14.0\Common\Internet]
    3. Click Edit Menu -> New -> DWORD with name of "FSSHTTPOff"
    (without quotes)
    4. Click on "FSSHTTPOff" and enter value of 1
    5.
    Close any Office Applications and browser sessions
    6. Try to reopen your document (no more read only or failure to upload)
    have a nice day!

  • When I try to open a recent document I get the following message "You need a newer version of Pages to open this document."  I have downloaded version Pages version 5.2.2 and the app store confirms this, but my Pages About reports that I am using 4.3

    When I try to open a recent document I get the following message "You need a newer version of Pages to open this document."  I have downloaded version Pages version 5.2.2 and the app store confirms this (and won't let me download it again), but my Pages About reports that I am using 4.3

    Here is the solution that I received from the chat line.
    When you update applications like Pages it usually keeps both versions on the computer. So what most likely happened is it didn’t put the new version on your dock. So to fix this, open a finder window. And go into applications which should be listed on the left. Scroll down and you will see Pages listed in here. And the icon should look different. You can drag that icon down onto your dock.Open that and you then can access your documents

  • I have created two related books in Lightroom 5 (Volumes 1 and 2) but my balance of page numbers is off. So I'd like to take some pages out of one book (complete with images) and paste them into the other. Is this possible?

    I have created two related Blurb books in Lightroom 5 (Volumes 1 and 2) but my balance of page numbers is off. So I'd like to take some pages out of one book (complete with images) and paste them into the other. Is this possible?

    Can you zip up a few of your GoPro images, upload them to dropbox.com and post a share link, here, so others can experiment with them, or do you mean this issue is global to all camera models?

Maybe you are looking for

  • Where can I find a case for MBP early 2008 model

    I know the new MBP has nice cases to keep from scratching. I've searched everywhere and can't find a rubber case for the MBP duo 2 core, early 2008 model. Any suggestions. I checked Amazon and Ebay

  • HT5312 Is there a reason I can't fill anything out on a mobile phone?

    I'm trying I reset my security questions, because I made them a long time ago and they seem to have left me! Please help.

  • Home Folder Help

    Hi all... Okay, so I need a quick fix on something until I can get it fixed properly. Basically, I accidentally created another home folder in my users directory. I fixed everything I could, but Safari is still grabbing preferences from the old home

  • Can`t make updates with ps elements 12

    hy, i use ps elements & premium 12, i have a lot performance problems, errors with the program, i still deinstall and install it new! but it is the same before. now i read somewhere (but not on the adobesite, why not??), there is an new update for ps

  • Converted from full memberrship to single app

    Adobe sent me an e-mail and told me I could change my full membership in Creative Cloud to a single membership. I did so, but I assumed the sinle membership would activate as of November since my account was charged for a full CC membership on Octobe