Use of serial# as Primary Key. (Experience DBA Advise Requested)

Sorry if question is out of the scoop of forum.
In my newly joined environment my seniors always use serial# as PK in every table every time & never use candidate key as PK. Doing so always left the candidate key as un-index, non-unique & null.
It produces many drawbacks I don’t have to point out all drawbacks as every experienced DBA knows that. I want the experienced DBA of this form to tell me the ways (any documents, generals) to convince my seniors to stop doing this.

It is not obvious to me that the original poster is indicating that every table contains a primary key column with the same literal name, SERIAL#. If that is really what we're talking about, I'm in agreement with Dan.
My reading of the original post, though, is that the organization is using synthetic keys, presumably generated by sequences, rather than the poster's preference of using natural keys. There is nothing wrong with this approach in general, though there are plenty of very competent folks that prefer to use natural keys where possible. There's plenty written on the pros and cons of natural vs. synthetic keys-- whichever camp you're in, there are plenty of experts you can quote in support of your choice.
If you're using synthetic keys, though, that's no excuse for not creating appropriate unique, check, and NOT NULL constraints on the natural keys, which it sounds like may be one of your objections.
Justin

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Message was edited by:
klee

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***CONTROL FILE***
LOAD DATA
INFILE 'rent.csv'
INTO TABLE BUDGET_LINE
append
WHEN TOT_AMT != '0'
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
TRAILING NULLCOLS
NETMAN_ITEM_NO      FILLER CHAR,
SPEND               FILLER CHAR,
ACCOUNT          FILLER CHAR,
TOT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
JUN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JUN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
JUL_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JUL_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
AUG_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
AUG_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
SEP_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
SEP_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
OCT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
OCT_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
NOV_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
NOV_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
DEC_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
DEC_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
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NETMANGEN          FILLER CHAR,
NETMAN_item          BOUNDFILLER CHAR,
NETMAN_item_seq     BOUNDFILLER CHAR,
NETMAN_location     BOUNDFILLER CHAR,
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NETMAN_com_desc     BOUNDFILLER CHAR,
NETMAN_vendor          BOUNDFILLER CHAR,
NETMAN_generation     BOUNDFILLER CHAR,
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UPDATED_BY          CONSTANT '0',
ACTIVE          CONSTANT 'T',
GL_CODE_COMBO_ID     CONSTANT '0',
BUDGET_TYPE          CONSTANT 'B',
AMOUNT_TYPE          CONSTANT 'D',
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NETMAN_ITEM_NO      FILLER POSITION(1) CHAR TERMINATED BY ',',
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NETMAN_ITEM_NO      FILLER POSITION(1) CHAR TERMINATED BY ',',
BUDGET_LINE_ID     SEQUENCE(40000,1),
PERIOD_ID          CONSTANT '1',
SPEND               FILLER CHAR,
ACCOUNT          FILLER CHAR,
TOT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
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append
WHEN AMOUNT != '0'
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
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NETMAN_ITEM_NO      FILLER POSITION(1) CHAR TERMINATED BY ',',
BUDGET_LINE_ID     SEQUENCE(40000,1),
PERIOD_ID          CONSTANT '2',
SPEND               FILLER CHAR,
ACCOUNT          FILLER CHAR,
TOT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
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TRAILING NULLCOLS
NETMAN_ITEM_NO      FILLER POSITION(1) CHAR TERMINATED BY ',',
BUDGET_LINE_ID     SEQUENCE(40000,1),
PERIOD_ID          CONSTANT '3',
SPEND               FILLER CHAR,
ACCOUNT          FILLER CHAR,
TOT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
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WHEN AMOUNT != '0'
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
TRAILING NULLCOLS
NETMAN_ITEM_NO      FILLER POSITION(1) CHAR TERMINATED BY ',',
BUDGET_LINE_ID     SEQUENCE(40000,1),
PERIOD_ID          CONSTANT '4',
SPEND               FILLER CHAR,
ACCOUNT          FILLER CHAR,
TOT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
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NETMAN_ITEM_NO      FILLER POSITION(1) CHAR TERMINATED BY ',',
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ACCOUNT          FILLER CHAR,
TOT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
AMOUNT          CHAR
INTO TABLE BUDGET_COST
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WHEN AMOUNT != '0'
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
TRAILING NULLCOLS
NETMAN_ITEM_NO      FILLER POSITION(1) CHAR TERMINATED BY ',',
BUDGET_LINE_ID     SEQUENCE(40000,1),
PERIOD_ID          CONSTANT '6',
SPEND               FILLER CHAR,
ACCOUNT          FILLER CHAR,
TOT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
AMOUNT          CHAR
INTO TABLE BUDGET_COST
append
WHEN AMOUNT != '0'
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
TRAILING NULLCOLS
NETMAN_ITEM_NO      FILLER POSITION(1) CHAR TERMINATED BY ',',
BUDGET_LINE_ID     SEQUENCE(40000,1),
PERIOD_ID          CONSTANT '7',
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ACCOUNT          FILLER CHAR,
TOT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
JUN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JUN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
AMOUNT          CHAR
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append
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TRAILING NULLCOLS
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BUDGET_LINE_ID     SEQUENCE(40000,1),
PERIOD_ID          CONSTANT '8',
SPEND               FILLER CHAR,
ACCOUNT          FILLER CHAR,
TOT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
JUN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JUN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
JUL_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JUL_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
AMOUNT          CHAR
INTO TABLE BUDGET_COST
append
WHEN AMOUNT != '0'
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
TRAILING NULLCOLS
NETMAN_ITEM_NO      FILLER POSITION(1) CHAR TERMINATED BY ',',
BUDGET_LINE_ID     SEQUENCE(40000,1),
PERIOD_ID          CONSTANT '9',
SPEND               FILLER CHAR,
ACCOUNT          FILLER CHAR,
TOT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
JUN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JUN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
JUL_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JUL_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
AUG_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
AUG_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
AMOUNT          CHAR
INTO TABLE BUDGET_COST
append
WHEN AMOUNT != '0'
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
TRAILING NULLCOLS
NETMAN_ITEM_NO      FILLER POSITION(1) CHAR TERMINATED BY ',',
BUDGET_LINE_ID     SEQUENCE(40000,1),
PERIOD_ID          CONSTANT '10',
SPEND               FILLER CHAR,
ACCOUNT          FILLER CHAR,
TOT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
JUN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JUN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
JUL_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JUL_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
AUG_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
AUG_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
SEP_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
SEP_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
AMOUNT          CHAR
INTO TABLE BUDGET_COST
append
WHEN AMOUNT != '0'
FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
TRAILING NULLCOLS
NETMAN_ITEM_NO      FILLER POSITION(1) CHAR TERMINATED BY ',',
BUDGET_LINE_ID     SEQUENCE(40000,1),
PERIOD_ID          CONSTANT '11',
SPEND               FILLER CHAR,
ACCOUNT          FILLER CHAR,
TOT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JAN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
FEB_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
APR_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
MAY_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
JUN_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JUN_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
JUL_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
JUL_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
AUG_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
AUG_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
SEP_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
SEP_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
OCT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
OCT_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
AMOUNT          CHAR
INTO TABLE BUDGET_COST
append
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FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' OPTIONALLY ENCLOSED BY '"'
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AUG_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
SEP_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
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OCT_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
OCT_CNT          FILLER CHAR,
NOV_AMT          FILLER CHAR,
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AMOUNT          CHAR
*** PIECE OF DATA FILE ***
Item,Spender,Account,Total Amt,Jan Amt,Jan Count,Feb Amt,Feb Count,Mar Amt,Mar Count,Apr Amt,Apr Count,May Amt,May Count,Jun Amt,Jun Count,Jul Amt,Jul Count,Aug Amt,Aug Count,Sep Amt,Sep Count,Oct Amt,Oct Count,Nov Amt,Nov Count,Dec Amt,Dec Count,Status,Netman Gen,Netman Item,Netman Unit,Location,Last Update Date,Component Description,Vendor Description,Generation Process
10110993,10993,8301-01,90134,7480,0,7480,0,7480,0,7480,0,7480,0,7480,0,7480,0,7480,0,7480,0,7480,0,7667,0,7667,0,0,+,LEASE PYMT,207,WIMOS,5/22/2002,LEASE PAYMENTS,"VIKING HOLDING, INC.",ACTUAL BUDGET
10410993,10993,8301-04,15240,1270,0,1270,0,1270,0,1270,0,1270,0,1270,0,1270,0,1270,0,1270,0,1270,0,1270,0,1270,0,0,+,JANITORIAL,58,WIMOS,5/22/2002,JANITORIAL,BUILDING ONE SVC SOLUTION,ACTUAL BUDGET
10810993,10993,8301-08,2232,186,0,186,0,186,0,186,0,186,0,186,0,186,0,186,0,186,0,186,0,186,0,186,0,0,+,ELECTRIC,77,WIMOS,5/22/2002,"UTILITIES (GAS,ELEC.,ETC)",WISCONSIN PUBLIC SERVICE,AVGD 01 04 07 10 NOT WEIGHTED
10910993,10993,8301-09,4220,26,0,348,0,609,0,383,0,348,0,371,0,348,0,371,0,360,0,348,0,360,0,348,0,0,+,FIRE EQUIP,51,WIMOS,5/22/2002,RENT CONTRACT SERVICES,"CENTRALCOM, INC.",ACTUAL EXPERIENCE
11610993,10993,8301-16,1272,106,0,106,0,106,0,106,0,106,0,106,0,106,0,106,0,106,0,106,0,106,0,106,0,0,+,L/H MOSINE,1,WIMOS,5/22/2002,LEASEHOLD IMPROVEMENTS,ELLIS STONE,ACTUAL BUDGET
10110994,10994,8301-01,69960,5830,0,5830,0,5830,0,5830,0,5830,0,5830,0,5830,0,5830,0,5830,0,5830,0,5830,0,5830,0,0,+,LEASE PYMT,228,WISTEWEL,5/22/2002,LEASE PAYMENTS,BJ INVESTMENTS LLC,ACTUAL BUDGET
10410994,10994,8301-04,840,70,0,70,0,70,0,70,0,70,0,70,0,70,0,70,0,70,0,70,0,70,0,70,0,0,+,JANITORIAL,69,WISTEWEL,5/22/2002,JANITORIAL,MARSDEN,ACTUAL BUDGET
10710994,10994,8301-07,6067,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,6067,0,0,+,LEASE PYMT,228,WISTEWEL,5/22/2002,LEASE PAYMENTS,BJ INVESTMENTS LLC,ASSUME 5% INCREASE OVER ACTUAL 2000 EXPENSES
10810994,10994,8301-08,2460,205,0,205,0,205,0,205,0,205,0,205,0,205,0,205,0,205,0,205,0,205,0,205,0,0,+,ELECTRIC,84,WISTEWEL,5/22/2002,"UTILITIES (GAS,ELEC.,ETC)",BJ INVESTMENTS LLC,AVGD 03 06 09 NOT WEIGHTED
10910994,10994,8301-09,1050,70,0,70,0,105,0,105,0,70,0,105,0,35,0,140,0,35,0,70,0,210,0,35,0,0,+,SANITATION,12,WISTEWEL,5/22/2002,RENT CONTRACT SERVICES,WASTE MANAGEMENT OF WIS,ACTUAL EXPERIENCE
11910994,10994,8301-19,1099,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,1099,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,+,INSURANCE,6,WISTEWEL,5/22/2002,INSURANCE,BJ INVESTMENTS LLC,ACTUAL EXPERIENCE
10110998,10998,8301-01,2440,2440,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,+,LEASE PYMT,47,ILELG,5/22/2002,LEASE PAYMENTS,ELGIN AIRPORT BUSINESS PK,ACTUAL BUDGET
10410998,10998,8301-04,146,146,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,+,LEASE PYMT,47,ILELG,5/22/2002,LEASE PAYMENTS,ELGIN AIRPORT BUSINESS PK,ACTUAL BUDGET
10610998,10998,8301-06,336,28,0,28,0,28,0,28,0,28,0,28,0,28,0,28,0,28,0,28,0,28,0,28,0,0,+,DRINK H2O,46,ILELG,5/22/2002,COOLER AND BOTTLED WATER,"HINCKLEY & SCHMITT, INC.",AVGD 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
10710998,10998,8301-07,276,276,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,+,LEASE PYMT,47,ILELG,5/22/2002,LEASE PAYMENTS,ELGIN AIRPORT BUSINESS PK,ASSUME 5% INCREASE OVER ACTUAL 2000 EXPENSES
10810998,10998,8301-08,3108,433,0,315,0,234,0,173,0,181,0,292,0,320,0,337,0,316,0,153,0,183,0,171,0,0,+,ELECTRIC,20,ILELG,5/22/2002,"UTILITIES (GAS,ELEC.,ETC)",COMMONWEALTH EDISON,AVGD 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 WEIGHTED
*** SCRIPT FOR TABLES LOADED ***
CREATE TABLE BUDGET_LINE (
BUDGET_LINE_ID NUMBER NOT NULL,
BUDGET_TYPE CHAR (1) NOT NULL,
GL_CODE_COMBO_ID NUMBER NOT NULL,
AMOUNT_TYPE CHAR (1) NOT NULL,
ACTIVE CHAR (1) DEFAULT 'T' NOT NULL,
SOURCE CHAR (1),
CUT CHAR (1),
DESCRIPTION VARCHAR2 (180),
CAP_ITEM_ID NUMBER,
PBT_ID NUMBER,
BILL_ID NUMBER,
CREATED_ON DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE NOT NULL,
CREATED_BY NUMBER NOT NULL,
UPDATED_ON DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE NOT NULL,
UPDATED_BY NUMBER NOT NULL,
CHECK (ACTIVE IN ('T','F') ) ,
CHECK (CUT IN ('C',NULL) ),
CONSTRAINT BUDGET_LINE_PRI
PRIMARY KEY ( BUDGET_LINE_ID ) ) ;
CREATE TABLE BUDGET_COST (
BUDGET_LINE_ID NUMBER NOT NULL,
PERIOD_ID NUMBER NOT NULL,
AMOUNT NUMBER (13,2),
CONSTRAINT BUDGET_COST_PRI
PRIMARY KEY ( BUDGET_LINE_ID, PERIOD_ID ) ) ;
CREATE TABLE GL_CODE_TEMP (
BUDGET_LINE_ID NUMBER NOT NULL,
SPENDER CHAR (5),
ACCT CHAR (7),
GL_CODE_COMBO_ID NUMBER,
CONSTRAINT GL_CODE_TEMP_BDGT_ID
PRIMARY KEY ( BUDGET_LINE_ID ) ) ;

Thanks for the reply .. user do have their user credentials but only for the application ... but all users use a common loader and control file once they log into the application. So irrespective of which user is logged in he selects the same control file and loads to the same table mentioned in the control file .. i instead want user to be able to load to the table in control file but into his schema like username.tablename instead of just the tablename mentioned in .ctl file.

Composite Primary key & Primary key questions

Background:
1.5 TB data warehouse. All tables use at least a 3 column composite Primary key. Most use 3. col1||col2||col3 to achieve uniqueness.
col1= very low cardinality. 99% of the values are '0'
col2 = high cardinality. (SSN's, loaded monthly)
col3 = low cardinality. (monthly sequence number used for partitioning)
From what I've read, the first column used in a composite primary key also receives its own index. If that is correct, then the primary key being used is losing its effectiveness by putting a very low cardinality column as the first column of the Primary key. By moving col2 to the first position of the composite key, I would be obtaining an index on SSN which would be much more useful. (Please correct me if I'm wrong) Or since the index would be so large anyway, the CBO would just do full table scans which is what I'm trying to get away from.
This Primary key is used to ensure uniqueness during loads. Other than that, it really has no purpose and is never queried by the user. (WHERE col1||col2||col3 = xxxxxxxxx)
As a DBA, I see this massive tablespace for holding the primary keys now reaching in excess of 157 GB and it seems like such a waste of space. The problem I'm running across is how to ensure uniqueness during the loads w/o having to store the unique values. (the 157 GB) If I drop the PK's, then create unique indexes just for the loads, then the unique index would be generated against the entire table, which would take forever.
If you create a local index (what I want in the end) it still has to create the index for all previous partitions (250+ partitions). You can't create a specific 'local' index on a partition. You create a local index on the table and when a new partition is added, the index is then added as well. That's what I want to do with some of my fields like SSN but for loading purposes, this isn't going to help me.
I need a way to ensure uniqueness during a monthly load of a new partition (col1||col2||col3) but w/o having to store these values for eternity. Right now it's the primary key, so it has to be stored. I hope I'm making sense here. Any ideas?

I think you need some clarification about the index supporting the primary key.
The primary key is unique - the database will enforce this for you.
All of the columns in the primary key are in the index that enforces the key (not just the first column).
Usually this index is a unique index, but you can have a non-unique index supporting a primary key.
I'm a little confused with some of your other statements
how to ensure uniqueness during the loads w/o having to store the unique valuesIf you don't store the value how do you know it is unique?
Did you mean that you don't want to store the key values in both the table and the index?
You may want to consider making col3 (the partition key) the leading column of the index, so you can create a local (instead of global) PK index.
I wouldn't worry too much about col1 (the column full of mostly zeros) - numbers are stored variable length. A NUMBER(38) that holds a zero takes no more space than a NUMBER(1) that holds a zero.

Use of serial# as Primary Key. (Experience DBA Advise Requested)

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