WHY NOT UNSIGNED INT

Hi
In java int or float or double type are signed type
Why not unsigned

It was a design decision not to include unsigned integral types in Java.
Java's designers might have judged that the difficulties and complicity arising from having signed and unsigned types overweigh the benefits in Java.

Similar Messages

Why JTextArea.select(int,int) not Highlight in java 1.4

Hi guys
Does anybody know why JTextArea.select(int, int) not Highlight the selected text in java 1.4. But java 1.3 works. Does java 1.4 change to use other method to hightlight the selected text in JTextArea? Thanks in advance.
Regards,
Mark.

import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class SelTest extends JPanel {
private JTextArea area;
public SelTest() {
    setLayout( new BorderLayout() );
    area = new JTextArea( "This is a sample text", 20, 20 );
    JButton btn = new JButton( "Select" );
    btn.addActionListener( new ActionListener(){
      public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent ae ){
        selectText2();
    add( area, BorderLayout.CENTER );
    add( btn, BorderLayout.SOUTH );
private void selectText2(){
    area.requestFocus(); // MOST IMPORTANT
    area.select( 1, 4 );
    System.out.println("selcted : " + area.getSelectedText() );
public static void main(String[] args) {
    JFrame f = new JFrame();
    f.setDefaultCloseOperation( JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE );
    f.getContentPane().add( new SelTest() );
    f.pack();
    f.setVisible( true );
}

Sql type not recognized: 'int unsigned' when I expand table in Dreamweaver

Dreamweaver warning message - "sql type not recognized: 'int
unsigned'"
This was happening in Dreamweaver MX and now in CS3. The
pages using these tables are not throwing errors when I test them,
but each time I expand a table in Dreamweaver, I get these warning
messages. Often I get the same message multiple times and must
click OK each time before I can proceed. Just now I had to OK the
warning three times for a table that only has one integer field and
two fields total.
Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Thanks

Hi Bagger and Ken
With some help from Randy Edmunds at Adobe was able to find a
solution to this bug.
*note I am still using DW MX 2004 so there may be some
variation with your version.
ANSWER: You need to add the sql type "int unsigned" to the
dwscriptsServer.js in Dreamweaver's files.
The file to ammend is [your path to the DW
root]\Configuration\Shared\Common\Scripts\
dwscriptsServer.js
do a search for the alert: "MM.MSG_SQLTypeAsNumNotInMap" and
then go up from there (it is about line 2059 in the DW MX 2004
file).
underneath a["unsignedint"] = 19;
add a new line a["int unsigned"] = 19; // variation of
unsigned int
I then deleted the delete the FileCache.dat (from step #4
http://kb.adobe.com/selfservice/viewContent.do?externalId=tn_19105)
and restarted DW.
That should fix it!
If that doesn't work then search the DW folders for
"MM.MSG_SQLTypeAsNumNotInMap" and ammend the sql data types where
the functions raise the error alert.
I hope this is helpful!
Cheers
Martin
ps I would be using the CS3 web premium suite if it wasn't
for the fact that the UK upgrade price is (£539) - >US$1000
which is more then double what US customers pay. (OK my whinge
over, boo hoo)

Oracle proc Pro*C, g++/c++ compile error due to static const unsigned int sqlctx

I'm using Oracle 8.1.6 for Linux, and 7.3.4 on HP-UX. Compiler is gcc/g++ 2.95.2
In working with the Oracle precompiler on both HPUX and Linux, I've found a problem with the way that the Linux precompiler generates the sqlctx variable.
On linux, the following is generated when you run the precompiler:
static const unsigned int sqlctx = 1;
However, on HPUX, this is the corresponding code:
static unsigned long sqlctx = 10673468;
When you compile the Linux version with g++/c++ or aCC, you get fatal errors of this nature:
SQLSubsystem.cpp:562: passing `const unsigned int *' as argument 2 of `sqlcxt(void **, unsigned int *, sqlexd *, const sqlcxp *)' discards qualifiers
Is there a way to force the output of proc to leave off the const?
If you view the binary file proc, you can find the static unsigned int string listed. So I think it may be an option. However, I can't seem to turn it on.
Thanks-
Matt Wright

As for sqlctx:
sqlctx is a module identifier variable. i.e. if your project consists of multiple modules, each sqlctx should have different value.
I have seen this error only on Linux Pro*C starting of 8.1.5 version (have not tested 8.0.5 nor 8.1.6).
Anyway, I really can not understand why this error is not patched already.
As for constness:
I can not tell if there is an option which would solve such issue. I can only advise not to use -Werror option of gcc. It generates about 4-5 warnings per module, but it works ;-))

My Firefox crashes every time I open it and none of the steps in the database solve the problem. My crash signature is PaintFrame(nsIRenderingContext*, nsIFrame*, nsRegion const&, unsigned int, unsigned int)

I tried opening it in safe mode and none of the other help tips in the database on firefox crashes when I open it apply to me. I also ran a couple of virus programs to check for any infections and found nothing. I had been having issues with java previous to firefox beginning to crash. So I attempted to uninstall java from my computer but it did not help.
My crash signature is PaintFrame(nsIRenderingContext*, nsIFrame*, nsRegion const&, unsigned int, unsigned int) and a search of this term on Mozilla Support pulled up no results.
I'm not terribly knowledgeable with programming so any suggestions would help!

I read online about a "clean reinstall" of firefox which seems to have worked! They should include direction on this on their page: https://support.mozilla.com/en-US/kb/Firefox+crashes+when+you+open+it

Wrtie unsigned char and unsigned int into a binary file

Hi, I need write some data into some specific file format (.ov2) for other applications to read.
Here is the requirement of the data:
First byte: An unsigned char value, always "2" means simple POI entry
Next 4 byte: An unsigned int value,
Next 4 byte: A signed integer value.
Next 4 byte: A signed integer value
then next : A zero-terminated Ascii string
Here is my code:
                   String name = "name";
                   byte type = 2;
                 int size = name.length() + 13 +1; //1+4+4+4 and there is a 0 at last
                 int a = 1;
                 int b =2;
                 ds.writeByte(type); //1 byte, need save it as unsigned char
                     ds.writeInt(size); //4 //need to be an unsignged int
                     ds.writeInt(ilont); //4 //signed int
                     ds.writeInt(ilatt); //4 //signed int
                     //write zero-terminated ascii string
                     for(int n=0; n<name.length(); n++){
                          ds.writeByte(name.charAt(n));
                     ds.writeByte(0);                    This code could not get the correct result and I think I must do some sign to unsign conversion, but I don't know how to do it. Any help?
Thanks for you attention.

You don't have to do anything special at all. What's in a int or a byte is what you, as a programmer, say it is. Java treats int's as signed but, in fact, with 2's complement arithmatic most operations are exactly the same. Load and store, add and subtract - it makes no difference whether a variable is signed or unsigned. It's only when you convert the number, for example to a wider type or to a string representation that you need to know the difference.
When you read an unsigned byte and you want to widen it to an integer you have to clip the top bytes of the integer e.g.
int len = input.get() & 0xff;This is because, since java sees a byte as signed it will extend the sign bit into the top bytes of the int. "& 0xff" forces them to zero.
Writing it, you don't have to do anything special at all - it will autmatically get clipped. The above is probably the only concesion you'll ever need to make to unsigned binary. (You'd need to do the same thing from unsigned int to long, but this almost never happens).
When I read ov2 files I used a mapped byte buffer, because it allows you to set either big-endian or little-endian and I wasn't sure which ov2 files used. (Sorry, I've forgotten).

Why not use notifyall

now I'm reading this book "Java Threads 2nd edition" by Scott Oaks and Henry Wong. Writer provide a class called BusyFlag to simulate the mutex.
I wonder why not use notifyall() to replay notify().
public class BusyFlag {
     protected Thread busyflag = null;
     protected int busycount = 0;
     public synchronized void getBusyFlag() {
          while (tryGetBusyFlag() == false) {
               try {
                    wait();
               } catch (Exception e) {
     public synchronized boolean tryGetBusyFlag() {
          if (busyflag == null) {
               busyflag = Thread.currentThread();
               busycount = 1;
               return true;
          if (busyflag == Thread.currentThread()) {
               busycount++;
               return true;
          return false;
     public synchronized void freeBusyFlag() {
          if (getBusyFlagOwner() == Thread.currentThread()) {
               busycount--;
               if (busycount == 0) {
                    busyflag = null;
                    *notify();*
     public synchronized Thread getBusyFlagOwner() {
          return busyflag;
}

naficbm wrote:
now I'm reading this book "Java Threads 2nd edition" by Scott Oaks and Henry Wong. Writer provide a class called BusyFlag to simulate the mutex.
I wonder why not use notifyall() to replay notify().Looks like it should work with notifyall as well.

Why not to use static methods - with example

Hi Everyone,
I'd like to continue the below thread about "why not to use static methods"
Why not to use static methods
with a concrete example.
In my small application I need to be able to send keystrokes. (java.awt.Robot class is used for this)
I created the following class for these "operations" with static methods:
public class KeyboardInput {
     private static Robot r;
     static {
          try {
               r = new Robot();
          } catch (AWTException e) {
               throw new RuntimeException(e + "Robot couldn't be initialized.");
     public static void wait(int millis){
          r.delay(millis);
     public static void copy() {
          r.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_CONTROL);
          r.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_C);
          r.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_C);
          r.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_CONTROL);
     public static void altTab() {
          r.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_ALT);
          r.keyPress(KeyEvent.VK_TAB);
          r.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_TAB);
          r.keyRelease(KeyEvent.VK_ALT);
               // more methods like paste(), tab(), shiftTab(), rightArrow()
}Do you thinks it is a good solution? How could it be improved? I've seen something about Singleton vs. static methods somewhere. Would it be better to use Singleton?
Thanks for any comments in advance,
lemonboston

maheshguruswamy wrote:
lemonboston wrote:
maheshguruswamy wrote:
I think a singleton might be a better approach for you. Just kill the public constructor and provide a getInstance method to provide lazy initialization.Thanks maheshguruswamy for advising on the steps to create a singleton from this class.
Could you maybe advise also about why do you say that it would be better to use singleton? What's behind it? Thanks!In short, it seems to me that a single instance of your class will be able to coordinate actions across your entire application. So a singleton should be enough.But that doesn't answer why he should prefer a singleton instead over a bunch of static methods. Functionally the two are almost identical. In both cases there's only one "thing" on which to call methods--either a single instance of the class, or the class itself.
To answer the question, the main reason to use a Singleton over a classful of static methods is the same reason the drives a lot of non-static vs. static decisions: Polymorphism.
If you use a Singleton (and and interface), you can do something like this:
KeyboardInput kbi = get_some_instance_of_some_class_that_implements_KeyboardInput_somehow_maybe_from_a_factory();And then whatever is calling KBI's public methods only has to know that it has an implementor of that interface, without caring which concrete class it is, and you can substitute whatever implementation is appropriate in a given context. If you don't need to do that, then the static method approach is probably sufficient.
There are other reasons that may suggest a Singleton--serialization, persistence, use as a JavaBean pop to mind--but they're less common and less compelling in my experience.
And finally, if this thing maintains any state between method calls, although you can handle that with static member variables, it's more in keeping with the OO paradigm to make them non-static fields of an instance of that class.

Why not use "new" operator with strings

why we not use new when declaring a String .because in java String are treated as objects. we use new operator for creating an object in java .
and same problem wiht array when we declare array as well as initialize .here we are alse not using new for array
why

Strings aren't just treated as objects, Strings are Objects.
As for why not using new for Strings, you can, if you want.:
String str = "this is a string";
and
String str = new String("this is a string");
do the same thing (nitty-gritty low level details about literals aside). Use whatever you like, but isn't it simpler not to type new String(...) since you still need to type the actual string?
As for arrays, you can use new:
int[] ints = new int[10];
or
int[] ints = { 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 9 };
But the difference here is you are creating an empty array in the first one, the second creates and fills the array with the specified values. But which to you often depends on what you are doing.

Why jvm maintains string pool only for string objects why not for other objects?

why jvm maintains string pool only for string objects why not for other objects? why there is no pool for other objects? what is the specialty of string?

rp0428 wrote:
You might be aware of the fact that String is an immutable object, which means string object once created cannot be manipulated or modified. If we are going for such operation then we will be creating a new string out of that operation.
It's a JVM design-time decision or rather better memory management. In programming it's quite a common case that we will define string with same values multiple times and having a pool to hold these data will be much efficient. Multiple references from program point/ refer to same object/ value.
Please refer these links
What is Java String Pool? | JournalDev
Why String is Immutable in Java ? | Javalobby
Sorry but you are spreading FALSE information. Also, that first article is WRONG - just as OP was wrong.
This is NO SUCH THING as a 'string pool' in Java. There is a CONSTANT pool and that pool can include STRING CONSTANTS.
It has NOTHING to do with immutability - it has to do with CONSTANTS.
Just because a string is immutable does NOT mean it is a CONSTANT. And just because two strings have the exact same sequence of characters does NOT mean they use values from the constant pool.
On the other hand class String offers the .intern() method to ensure that there is only one instance of class String for a certain sequence of characters, and the JVM calls it implicitly for literal strings and compile time string concatination results.
Chapter 3. Lexical Structure
In that sense the OPs question is valid, although the OP uses wrong wording.
And the question is: what makes class Strings special so that it offers interning while other basic types don't.
I don't know the answer.
But in my opinion this is because of the hybrid nature of strings.
In Java we have primitive types (int, float, double...) and Object types (Integer, Float, Double).
The primitive types are consessons to C developers. Without primitive types you could not write simple equiations or comparisons (a = 2+3; if (a==5) ...). [autoboxing has not been there from the beginning...]
The String class is different, almost something of both. You create String literals as you do with primitives (String a = "aString") and you can concatinate strings with the '+' operator. Nevertheless each string is an object.
It should be common knowledge that strings should not be compared with '==' but because of the interning functionality this works surprisingly often.
Since strings are so easy to create and each string is an object the lack ot the interning functionality would cause heavy memory consumption. Just look at your code how often you use the same string literal within your program.
The memory problem is less important for other object types. Either because you create less equal objects of them or the benefit of pointing to the same object is less (eg. because the memory foot print of the individual objects is almost the same as the memory footpint of the references to it needed anyway).
These are my personal thoughts.
Hope this helps.
bye
TPD

Help with unsigned ints and how to store and retrieve data in them

Hi all
I have a problem where some data is being stored in an unsigned int
i dont really know much about them and am unsure on how to go about using the data.
The data being stored in them is row and column information in an excel spreadsheet.
The method is passed through 2 ints (column, row) and then a unsigned int is created out of these two values
the column is 8 bits and shift to the left hand byte (column & 0xFF <<24)
the row is 16 bits shifted to the right of the column (row & 0XFFFF <<8)
so if the column and row were 1,1 then the unsigned int would be
16777472
and for 1,2 then it would be 16777728
(i dont actually know how these numbers are formed, it would be great if someone can explain this too :) )
anyway now i have those unsigned int numbers does anyone know how i would go about taking that unsigned int and getting my int back from it
so take 16777728 and extracting column 1, row 2
any help would be appreciated

its not a 3rd party product, its been written by
another peep who is on holiday for 2 weeks so im
trying to sort something out but dont really
understand unsigned ints and stuff :(This is what is called a "third party product". It's not written by Sun, and it's not written by you.

Keeps crashing when i open. signature is : PL_DHashTableOperate | GCGraphBuilder::NoteRoot(unsigned int, void*, nsCycleCollectionParticipant*)

it crashes when i oen regularly and in safe mode.
problem happened after computer was returned from apple, refurbished (i.e., the hard drive was erased!)

Seems to be handled in this bug report:
[https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=597972 Bug 597972] – crash on startup [@ PL_DHashTableOperate | GCGraphBuilder::NoteRoot(unsigned int, void*, nsCycleCollectionParticipant*) ]
(please do not comment in bug reports)

Firefox crashes almost constantly. My crash signature is CD3DBase::DrawPrimitive(_D3DPRIMITIVETYPE, unsigned int, unsigned int)

<pre><nowiki>Firefox 4.0.1 Crash Report [@ CD3DBase::DrawPrimitive(_D3DPRIMITIVETYPE, unsigned int, unsigned int) ]
Search Mozilla Support for Help
ID: df5fa277-41b2-46b3-9f02-2bf3f2110513
Signature: CD3DBase::DrawPrimitive(_D3DPRIMITIVETYPE, unsigned int, unsigned int)
Details
Modules
Raw Dump
Extensions
Comments
Correlations
Signature CD3DBase::DrawPrimitive(_D3DPRIMITIVETYPE, unsigned int, unsigned int)
UUID df5fa277-41b2-46b3-9f02-2bf3f2110513
Uptime 15.2 minutes
Last Crash 915 seconds (15.2 minutes) before submission
Install Age 527000 seconds (6.1 days) since version was first installed.
Install Time 2011-05-07 23:27:42
Product Firefox
Version 4.0.1
Build ID 20110413222027
Release Channel release
Branch 2.0
OS Windows NT
OS Version 5.1.2600 Service Pack 3
CPU x86
CPU Info GenuineIntel family 15 model 2 stepping 9
Crash Reason EXCEPTION_ACCESS_VIOLATION_WRITE
Crash Address 0x1
User Comments
App Notes AdapterVendorID: 10de, AdapterDeviceID: 02e0, AdapterDriverVersion: 6.14.12.7061
D3D10 Layers? D3D10 Layers-
D3D9 Layers? D3D9 Layers+
Processor Notes
EMCheckCompatibility True
Winsock LSP MSAFD Tcpip [TCP/IP] : 2 : 1 : MSAFD Tcpip [UDP/IP] : 2 : 2 : MSAFD Tcpip [RAW/IP] : 2 : 3 : RSVP UDP Service Provider : 6 : 2 : RSVP TCP Service Provider : 6 : 1 : MSAFD NetBIOS [\Device\NetBT_Tcpip_{D18F9393-8A72-4F22-AA8A-FEF9786EC28E}] SEQPACKET 4 : 2 : 5 : MSAFD NetBIOS [\Device\NetBT_Tcpip_{D18F9393-8A72-4F22-AA8A-FEF9786EC28E}] DATAGRAM 4 : 2 : 2 : MSAFD NetBIOS [\Device\NetBT_Tcpip_{32E7F2E7-2ED1-4450-8C6B-8DB1B597737D}] SEQPACKET 0 : 2 : 5 : MSAFD NetBIOS [\Device\NetBT_Tcpip_{32E7F2E7-2ED1-4450-8C6B-8DB1B597737D}] DATAGRAM 0 : 2 : 2 : MSAFD NetBIOS [\Device\NetBT_Tcpip_{A01D2C7A-0D97-4183-A5B1-A2FB8C008974}] SEQPACKET 1 : 2 : 5 : MSAFD NetBIOS [\Device\NetBT_Tcpip_{A01D2C7A-0D97-4183-A5B1-A2FB8C008974}] DATAGRAM 1 : 2 : 2 : MSAFD NetBIOS [\Device\NetBT_Tcpip_{532EB614-3BEA-4AF3-99AE-989D1B273FF9}] SEQPACKET 2 : 2 : 5 : MSAFD NetBIOS [\Device\NetBT_Tcpip_{532EB614-3BEA-4AF3-99AE-989D1B273FF9}] DATAGRAM 2 : 2 : 2 : MSAFD NetBIOS [\Device\NetBT_Tcpip_{269D4DF2-D033-4CCA-99B4-0EDBAC2A1D21}] SEQPACKET 3 : 2 : 5 : MSAFD NetBIOS [\Device\NetBT_Tcpip_{269D4DF2-D033-4CCA-99B4-0EDBAC2A1D21}] DATAGRAM 3 : 2 : 2 :
Adapter Vendor ID
Adapter Device ID
Bugzilla - Report this Crash
Crashing Thread
Frame Module Signature [Expand] Source
0 @0x2c07502
1 d3d9.dll CD3DBase::DrawPrimitive
2 d3d9.dll _allshl
3 xul.dll mozilla::layers::ImageLayerD3D9::RenderLayer gfx/layers/d3d9/ImageLayerD3D9.cpp:372
4 xul.dll mozilla::layers::ContainerLayerD3D9::RenderLayer gfx/layers/d3d9/ContainerLayerD3D9.cpp:330</nowiki></pre>

*https://crash-stats.mozilla.com/report/index/df5fa277-41b2-46b3-9f02-2bf3f2110513
Try to disable hardware acceleration.
* Tools > Options > Advanced > General > Browsing: "Use hardware acceleration when available"
If disabling hardware acceleration works then check if there is an update available for your graphics display driver.

My operating system windows XP not working with photoshop cloud, why not?

I need to add 2 more licences for photoshop cloud and I'm being told my operating system windows XP does not work with Photoshop cloud. We already have 2 pcs using it in our office so why not?
Please help
Roy

Do you have the latest version of iTunes? If not, get it at:
http://www.apple.com/itunes

I created an Apple ID using my ISP Email when I registered at the Store/Apple Support Communities/iTunes/Face Time and it does not work in iChat. Why Not ?

Question:-
I created an Apple ID using my ISP Email when I registered at the Store/Apple Support Communities/iTunes/Face Time or other portal and it does not work in iChat. Why Not ?
Answer:-
For a Name to work in iChat it has to be an Valid AIM screen Name.
Only Apple IDs from the @mac.com ending names registered here and the Mobileme (@Me.com ending) names are Valid with the AIM service as well as being Apple IDs
(I am still working on info about registering with iCloud at the moment but if this does give you an @Me.com email it may well be a valid AIM name as well)
NOTES:-
The @mac.com page works by linking an external (Non Apple) email with a @mac.com name.
This External Email cannot be one linked to an Existing Apple ID (you have to use a second email or register at AIM )
The options at AIM are to use your existing email or create new name and link the existing only for Password recovery
MobileMe (@me.com ending names) were valid Emails addresses, Apple IDs AND a Valid AIM Screen Name
@mac.com names look like emails but are only Apple IDs and iChat/AIM Valid Screen Names.
The AIM registration page seems to be pushing you to register [email protected] This is relatively new and I have not followed through the pages to find out if it a valid AIM email (Previously you could register a name without an @whatever.com suffix)
8:16 PM Friday; June 10, 2011
Please, if posting Logs, do not post any Log info after the line "Binary Images for iChat"
 G4/1GhzDual MDD (Leopard 10.5.8)
 MacBookPro 2Gb( 10.6.7)
 Mac OS X (10.6.7),
"Limit the Logs to the Bits above Binary Images."  No, Seriously

Question:-
So I have my current [email protected] email in iChat as I thought as I had linked that to an Apple ID it was a Valid iChat Name. It keeps coming up with a UserName or Password Invalid message. What do I do next ?
Answer:-
Open iChat
Go to the Menu under the iChat name in the Menu Bar and then Preferences and then Accounts in the new window.
Commonly written as iChat > Preferences > Accounts as directions/actions to take.
If it displays with a Yellow running name in the list you have a choice.
Either register it at AIM (I would use a different password to the ISP Login) and then change the password only in iChat (It may take you to confirm any Confirmation email from AIM first) in iChat > Preferences > Accounts
Or you register a new Name at AIM (Or at @mac.com) and enter that (details below)
If you have a Blue Globe name (@mac.com) that will not Login the chances are that it the password that is the issue.
Apple lets you create longer passwords than can be used with the AIM Servers.
Change the Password at iForgot to no more than 16 characters.
Then change the password in iChat as details above.
Adding a new Account/Screen Name in iChat (that is valid with the AIM servers)
Open iChat if not launched.
Go to iChat Menu > Preferences > Accounts
Click the Add ( + ) Button at the bottom of the list.
Choose in the top item drop down either @Mac.com or AIM depending on what you registered
Add the name (with @mac.com the software will add the @mac.com bit)
Add in the password. (If you don't add it now iChat will ask you each time you open it)
Click Done.
The Buddy List should open (New Window)
The Accounts part of the Preferences should now have the new name and you should be looking at the details.
You can add something in the Description line which will then title the Buddy List (Useful when you have two or more names) and make it show up as that in the iChat Menu > Accounts and the Window Menu of iChat when logged in.
You can then highlight any other Account/Screen Name you don't want to use and use the Minus ( - ) Button to delete it.
8:39 PM Friday; June 10, 2011
Please, if posting Logs, do not post any Log info after the line "Binary Images for iChat"
 G4/1GhzDual MDD (Leopard 10.5.8)
 MacBookPro 2Gb( 10.6.7)
 Mac OS X (10.6.7),
"Limit the Logs to the Bits above Binary Images."  No, Seriously

WHY NOT UNSIGNED INT

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