20" Intel iMac won't boot

I restarted my Mac by holding down the power button on the back of the computer after it froze. It will no longer boot. Instead, there is a flashing folder with a question mark.
I have inserted my install disc and held the C button, but that only gets me to the installer. Once there, disk utility shows my internal hard drive but there are no partitions shown under it and there is no first aid option.
I have also attempted to hold the shift key while it attempts to boot, as I've heard this will run some common fixes but it doesn't ever appear to do anything at all.
If I could simply get some of my data off the drive I'd not mind reinstalling the operating system.
Is there any way to get in any sort of maintenance mode to attempt to get some of my data off the drive?
Does the lack of partitions and the option for first aid mean anything about the state of my hard drive?
Thank you in advance for any help.

Hi Dustin
First try Testing and Repairing your Startup volume:
This link for 10.4
http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?path=DiskUtility/10.5/en/duh1018.html
This link for 10.5
http://docs.info.apple.com/article.html?path=Mac/10.5/en/8492.html
And then run the Apple Hardware Test:
http://support.apple.com/kb/HT1509
Dennis

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