Camera and/or null layers question

Hi - I am having a heck of a time understanding camera null layers. I have 3 separate photos on different layers and a solid background on the bottom layer. i simply want to fly a camera in between the separation of the photos so all three look like they're flying toward or past the camera.
every video tutorial i find seems to have an assumption that i know or understand this but i really don't - i need to start from the very beginning. does anyone know of a nice simple step by step video online that can help me?
thanks.

Start here to learn After Effects.
You don't need to use null layers to control cameras. It's just a way to make certain things easier. But it makes things easier at the expense of a somewhat complex setup. If you're a beginner, you don't need to be messing with that.
Here are some useful resources for learning about animating cameras. The ones from Andrew Devis listed in the comments on that page are quite good.

Similar Messages

Non supported camera and old Imovie version question?

I have a multi part question. First, I have an Ion Video camera that appears to not be supported by IMovie. But I also have an old version of IMovie 8.0.6 because I've never used it up until now. When I upload my video's, Iphoto automatically opens and they go into there. I want to be able to use IMovie to edit, add music etc. I've never really manually imported or exported things on my computer and don't know if that is how I can get them over into IMovie or what. I've tried muddling through trying to do that, and apparently I'm doing something wrong. When I hook up my Ion camera directly to my computer the videos won't go directly into IMovie for some reason. I've tried dragging the videos from iPhoto into IMovie and that won't work either. Can someone tell me detailed instructions on how to exactly do this or what I need to do to get videos into IMovie. What if my video camera isn't supported?? I need to learn how to do this fairly quickly. Thank you

So I assume you have the clips in you event browser that were imported from your old digital camera.
And when you play them fullscreen, they look bad.
The point of a DVD, is to play them in a DVD player, usually a TV which is an even larger screen, AND
the problem is that conversion to the DVD will further degrade the quality. It will look worse.
what you need to do i think is to go ahead and make the movie (project) but plan on exporting it to a form that works well on a smaller screen, an iPod might be perfect for that. Or you could play it on your computer screen but shrink the movie (do not play full screen). Most of these will play with QuickTime and you can pull the QT playing screen to be larger and smaller by using the corner thingie in lower right hand corner of the screen.
So, make your project, and you will be exporting it ("Share" menu) as a QT file and playing it as a QT file, not a DVD. If you use Share menu, pick Export Movie and pick the highest resolution it allows and export it to your desk top, you will end up with your movie in a form that you can play with QT.
write back with questions
that is my advice.
QT
roger

I created a multi-layered Photoshop file and the backgroud layer changed to gray and all other layers whacked out. I tried reopening it and restarting photoshop. What happened to my file?

I created a multi-layered Photoshop file and the backgroud layer changed to gray and all other layers whacked out. I tried reopening it and restarting photoshop. What happened to my file?

Your file is most likely toast, but still:
BOILERPLATE TEXT:
If you give complete and detailed information about your setup and the issue at hand,
such as your platform (Mac or Win),
exact versions of your OS, of Photoshop (not just "CS6", but something like CS6v.13.0.6) and of Bridge,
your settings in Photoshop > Preference > Performance
the type of file you were working on,
machine specs, such as total installed RAM, scratch file HDs, total available HD space, video card specs, including total VRAM installed,
what troubleshooting steps you have taken so far,
what error message(s) you receive,
if having issues opening raw files also the exact camera make and model that generated them,
if you're having printing issues, indicate the exact make and model of your printer, paper size, image dimensions in pixels (so many pixels wide by so many pixels high). if going through a RIP, specify that too.
etc.,
someone may be able to help you (not necessarily this poster).
a screen shot of your settings or of the image could be very helpful too.
Please read this FAQ for advice on how to ask your questions correctly for quicker and better answers:
http://forums.adobe.com/thread/419981?tstart=0
Thanks!

Using NULL and NOT NULL in prompted filters

Dear all,
While trying to grap the concept of prompted filters in sap bo web intelligence, I had a question whether why we cannot use NULL and NOT NULL while creating a prompted filters in our report.

HI,
'Is Null' and 'Not Null' are the predefined functions in webi which only eliminate the null values or considering only null values.
'Is Null' and 'Not Null' are itself predefined functions that why you are not getting prompts.
Null values are standard across the databases so this is defined as a function in webi to specific eliminate the null values.
If something is not standard then there is option in the webi to use different operator with static values or with prompts.
More more information on Null see the Null wiki page.
Null (SQL) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Amit

Order Of Null and Not Null Values while table creation

We have to create a table with 10 fields .5 of them are Null and Not Null. Now my question what should be the order of fileds??.Means Null Fields will come first or Not Null.

The only reason I can think of having the NULL columns at the end is storage space.
To conserve space, a null in a column only stores the column length (zero). Oracle
does not store data for the null column. Also, for trailing null columns, Oracle does
not even store the column length.

IPod shows as camera and will not let me use as disk space. Please Help!!

Okay, so i know that this has probably been asked before, but every similar question i read was a little different from my specific problem. Maybe someone on here can help me. :)) *crosses fingers*
I've had my iPod Touch since summer, and I just got a new laptop for Christmas. So I want to transfer my iTunes over to my new computer, of course. I read the tutorial on Apple Support, but when I went to drag my Library over to my iPod, it was showing up in My Computer as a camera, and will not let me use it as disk space. I've also followed the steps to stop the automatic Camera pop-up when I plug in my iPod. Yes, my iPod is set up on manual, so disk use SHOULD be enabled, correct? I am positive that I also have the latest iTunes software. AND my USB ports are up to date.
Sorry for the overly-thorough problem description, but I have read too many of the similar posts, and I know all the usual suggestions. But seriously, any help is appreciated. Thanks guys.
-Happy New Year
Message was edited by: music_sedative

Hi,
Welcome to Apple Discussions.
Sorry to say that you cannot use an iPod Touch as an "external" drive, unlike the "Classic" etc. which I believe have this feature.
To transfer your library you will have to back it up to disc(s), a different type of HD or use a network to send the files over.
Good luck,
Dud.
Message was edited by: Duddo

Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen! My question concerns the impossibility to open RAW-files directly from the program Adobe Bridge. At the moment when you open a RAW-file from Adobe Bridge by double-clicking, RAW-file is opened only in Photoshop. In t

Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen!
My question concerns the impossibility to open RAW-files directly from the program Adobe Bridge. At the moment when you open a RAW-file from Adobe Bridge by double-clicking, RAW-file is opened only in Photoshop. In the settings Adobe Bridge - in "open RAW-files by double-clicking in Adobe Camera Raw» box is checked. When you try any changes in the settings Adobe Bridge system displays a message:
Bridge's parent application is not active. Bridge requires that a qualifying product has been launched at least once to enable this feature.
The entire line of Adobe products on my computer updated to the latest updates. Previously, a family of products Adobe Photoshop on your computer is not set. Computer - PC, Windows 7 Enterprises.

<moved from Adobe Creative Cloud to Bridge General Discussion>

Mpeg-2 flags, dvdsp, and 23.976 video question

just got through this thread:
http://discussions.apple.com/thread.jspa?messageID=9786956
and have a remaining question. i looked at the m2v file in
mpeg streamclip and i see:
Video Tracks:
224 MPEG-2, 720 × 480, 4:3, 23.976 fps, 7.70 Mbps, upper field first
is the 'upper field first' just a flag to tell how to deal with
this file? or is it stating that the file is interlaced with the
upper field first?
the intent is to make a progressive dvd at 23.976. the original
material is film, captured and edited at 23.976, progressive. the
material was captured off of an old projector, a frame at a time,
with a digital still camera, so the original has no interlacing
or fields. this went to make an image sequence, which was rendered
to a qt movie at 23.976, also progressive, no fields. it was then
output through compressor to the m2v file which produced the mpeg
streamclip stream info dialog quoted above.
thanks,
BabaG

BabaG wrote:
is the 'upper field first' just a flag to tell how to deal with this file?
Yes, it's just a flag.

HT201303 I never set up any security questions for my Apple ID and I was asked on the app store to sign in and answer my security questions. I never made security questions in the first case. I can't purchase anything without them. What should I do?

I never set up any security questions for my apple ID and I was asked on the app store to sign in and answer my security questions, I never made any in the first place and it came up with questions that I didn't know. I've already been in support and tried to reset them, but I have to answer the security questions in order to change them. Is there any way to find out what they are?

From a Kappy post
The Best Alternatives for Security Questions and Rescue Mail
1. Send Apple an email request at: Apple - Support - iTunes Store - Contact Us.
2. Call Apple Support in your country: Customer Service: Contact Apple support.
3. Rescue email address and how to reset Apple ID security questions.
An alternative to using the security questions is to use 2-step verification:
Two-step verification FAQ Get answers to frequently asked questions about two-step verification for Apple ID.

Digital camera and MBP

I just bought a new Canon Powershot S3 IS digital camera.
I haven't used it yet, just opened the box.
It comes with a CD, "Digital Camera Solutions" that they say
you need to install in order to be able to download pictures from camera to the computer.
My question is this: do I really need this program?
Or can iPhoto take care of downloading my pictures?
I don't really want to install something that I don't need.
Thanks!

I just bought a new Canon Powershot S3 IS digital
camera.
I haven't used it yet, just opened the box.
It comes with a CD, "Digital Camera Solutions" that
they say
you need to install in order to be able to download
pictures from camera to the computer.
My question is this: do I really need this
program?
Or can iPhoto take care of downloading my pictures?
I don't really want to install something that I don't
need.
Thanks!
PowerShot S3 IS
Shake-free, powerful zoom for razor-sharp photos and movies.
* 6.0 Megapixel.
* Canon 12x optical zoom lens with Optical Image Stabilizer.
* High quality, full motion movie shooting.
* Super fast DiG!C II Imaging Processor.
* Print/Share* Button for 'one push' printing and downloading of images straight from the camera.
Equipped to handle a wide variety of scenes from sports events to landscapes, the PowerShot S3 IS offers creative functionality in conjunction with a powerful Canon 12x optical zoom lens and full motion movie shooting. With a 35mm equivalent focal length of 36-432mm, Optical Image Stabilizer and USM technologies work in conjunction with an ergonomic design to support razor sharp, shake free long distance still and video shooting.
CANON'S FORMULA FOR AMAZING DIGITAL PHOTOS
- High resolution 6.0 Megapixel CCD delivers photo quality prints up to A3 size.
- High-resolution, Canon 12x optical zoom lens (36-432mm equivalent) featuring, Optical Image Stabilizer technology for shake free shooting.
- High speed start-up, fast autofocus, smooth continuous shooting, faster overall processing and superior image quality thanks to revolutionary new DiG!C II Imaging Processor.
ADVANCED CANON LENS TECHNOLOGY
- Ultrasonic Motor for quick and quiet zooming, as fast as 1 second from wide angle to telephoto.
- UD element minimises chromatic aberrations at high zoom settings.
- Dedicated Macro button allows easy toggling between Normal Shooting, Macro Shooting and Super Macro for close-up shooting to 0cm.
- Optical Image Stabilizer technology delivers hand held, blur free long distance photos and movies.
SOPHISTICATED MOVIE MODE
- Movie recording with maximum 30 frames per second 640x480 (VGA) image quality delivers smooth full motion movies with stereo audio up to 1GB/1hour. (*High-speed 1GB card or higher required).
- Dedicated movie record button allows users to seamlessly switch between still photo and movie recording modes and shoot still images while simultaneously recording movie footage.
- Stereo recording capability for superb sound quality.
- Playback modes allow first frame, last frame, next frame, previous frame, fast forward, fast rewind and slow motion functions for reviewing and editing of movie files using the camera's LCD screen.
- High-speed editing of long movie files allows editing from the camera's LCD screen to create free space for further recording.
EXPLORE DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY
- Bright, wide viewing 2.0" LCD vari-angle monitor perfect for reviewing and sharing your photos.
- A comprehensive range of shooting modes, from complete control to full auto, including; Aperture(Av)/Shutter(Tv) Priority, Program(P), Manual(M) and Custom(C), Portrait, Landscape and Night Scene as well as a range of pre-set scene modes.
- Selectable 9 point AiAF, and 1 point AF for precise focusing in any shooting conditions.
- Selectable sensitivity from ISO 80/100/200/400/800 - like having different ISO film loaded at once.
- New Widescreen recording mode supports viewing on widescreen TV's and printing widescreen images.
CANON CONNECTIVITY
- Print/Share* Button allows easy 'one push' printing and downloading straight from the camera.
- Direct photo printing with Canon direct printers and other PictBridge compatible models.
- Supports Exif 2.2 tagging for Design Rule for Camera File System standard allowing superior print image processing.
- Canon's complete image management software suite for fast and easy download, display, email and printing of images, creating panoramic pictures and storage.
- Picture Transfer Protocol supports driver-less image transfer, viewing and deletion between camera and computer with newer operating systems. (Windows XP or Mac OS X v 10.1/10.2/10.3/10.4).
STANDARD ACCESSORIES AND SOFTWARE
- Lens Cap, Neck Strap NS-DC4, 4 x AA Alkaline Batteries, Stereo Video Cable STV-250N, Interface Cable IFC-400PCU, 16MB SD Card, Software Starter Guide, Camera User Guide, Quick Start Guide, Direct Print User Guide, Digital Camera Solution Disc - ZoomBrowser EX (PC), ImageBrowser (Mac), Drivers (PC), PhotoStitch, PhotoRecord, RemoteCapture, Apple QuickTime (PC), ArcSoft PhotoStudio
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES
- Tele Converter Lens TC-DC58B
- Wide Converter Lens WC-DC58A
- Lens Adaptor/Hood Set LAH-DC20
- Close-up Lens 500D (58mm)
- High-Power Flash HF-DC1
- Battery and Charger Kit CBK4-300
- Compact Power Adaptor CA-PS700
- Soft case SC-PS3
- Interface Cable IFC-400PCU
- Compact Photo Printers
*Compatible printer required for Direct Printing. Compatible Windows computer required for direct download.
**All pricing indications are recommendations (inc. GST) and are intended for guidance only. Dealers are not obliged to comply with recommended pricing. Please contact your nearest Canon dealer for specific pricing, product and inclusion information.
Does not mention it but it will work with a Mac or PeeCee.
MacPro 2.6  iMac 1.9  iMac 700  Mac Mini 1.42 Mac OS X (10.4.6)  MBP 17" 2.1  PB 1.67 15"  iPod U2  Nano
William

I have a 1 Hour shoot with 3 cameras and I

I have a 1 Hour shoot with 3 cameras and I need to make a dvd with chapters.
What is my best work flow?
1. Do I edit the whole thing at once and then save to file using compressor?
After that how do I burn a DVD with chapter marks?
2. Edit each section induvidually? Then save through compressor?
Then Compile and burn DVD?
Also what setting is best for DVD through compressor?
Sorry for all the questions but most of the stuff I do is online media.
Thank you,
Lego

If you can live with a very basic DVD menu, you can send your project to Compressor from FCP X, add chapter marks in Compressor, and burn a DVD right from Compressor.
Choose Share...DVD, then click on the Advanced tab and select Send to Compressor. In Compressor you can add markers in the Preview window and customize the DVD menu slightly (add a background image and a Title) using the Inspector settings.
If you need a fancier DVD menu, you'll need to use one of the other DVD authoring tools that Tom mentioned.

Disable iSight camera and use external USA webcam

We have a macbook and use a large monitor for managing brochures etc. I would like to mount an external USB webcam on the monitor and use it with Skype. However, whenever I open Skype it turns on the iSight camera (which is facing a wall). Is there any way to have the external webcam be the active camera and disable the iSight camera?
Thanks

Frodo 51 wrote:
We have a macbook and use a large monitor for managing brochures etc. I would like to mount an external USB webcam on the monitor and use it with Skype. However, whenever I open Skype it turns on the iSight camera (which is facing a wall). Is there any way to have the external webcam be the active camera and disable the iSight camera?
Thanks
I no longer use Skype, so I cannot test Skype's claims, but http://www.skype.com/go/help should best be able to help you use their product with your system.
I found this page http://www.skype.com/help/guides/skypeformac/skypefeatures/video.html that seems to address your specific question. The picture on that page shows that you should be able to select among connected cameras from the "Camera:" choices bar in Skype > Preferences > Video:
Of course, if you have only one compatible camera connected, only the one choice will show.
Use the latest version of Skype that is compatible with your system. If camera selection works as explained in the Skype Help page, there should be no need to "disable the iSight camera."
EZ Jim
Mac Pro Quad Core (Early 2009) 2.93Ghz w/Mac OS X (10.6.2) MacBook Pro (13 inch, Mid 2009) 2.26GHz (10.6.2)
LED Cinema Display G4 PowerBook 1.67GHz (10.4.11) iBookSE 366MHz (10.3.9) External iSight

Which colour space for camera and LR

Thanks for the answers to my last post about sharpening and workflow.
My next question is about colour spaces. I use a Nikon D200 which lets me choose from sRGB or AdobeRGB...LR obviously has these plus ProPhoto RGB. I use a MacBook Pro and an HP deskjet printer (5850)...I bought this before I bought the camera, and although it is very good, when I eventually change it I will go for a better quality printer.
I AM NOT a pro photographer or photo-editor by any means, but I do want my pics to look the best they can. Can I get some advice please on the pros and cons of the colour spaces?
Cheers,
Nige

>sRGB should be good enough, but it's also good to hear you also shoot raw ... afterall, sRGB contains all of the color in most photographic images.
Actually sRGB encodes only about 90% of colors present in nature. adobeRGB about 97%. prophotoRGB a perfect 100%. Check this page for more info than you'd ever need: http://www.brucelindbloom.com/index.html?ColorCheckerRGB.html . That said, usually, because of the color management problem, stick to sRGB for exports that are consumed by other people.
>So..Michael...you said 'better inkjet printing'...I assume you mean a professional print lab or high level 'home' inkjet, rather than an average home printer like I have (perhaps one day!).
There are two answers to this. They might surprise you. Concerning home printing. Even the cheapest inkjets nowadays produce color outside of sRGB and even adobeRGB. You should print to these printers directly from Lightroom using actual color profiles meant for the printers and the paper you are using. Usually those are supplied with the drivers. This will give by far the best results and will give the deepest most saturated colors. This answer does not change when printing to even better printers. In fact, almost every current inkjet printer can now print colors that no display can actually show.
Second concerning lab prints. Be very very careful with this. Most labs, even the pro ones, do not color manage at all and their photo printers are tuned to approximate sRGB. Simply send them sRGB and you'll be fine. Some labs offer actual profiles that you can convert your images to in advance. (see http://lagemaat.blogspot.com/2008/05/great-prints-from-labs.html for more info). This gives slightly better prints and will reproduce colors not in sRGB ( and not even in adobeRGB: http://lagemaat.blogspot.com/2007/11/relevant-example-for-pprgb-vs-adobergb.html ). Due to variability in displays, you might even be able to see those colors on screen if you calibrate correctly. Some of the better labs might accept files in other profiles than sRGB or a lab specific profile. They will then do the conversion for you or have a color managed print workflow if they use inkjets. Make sure they know what they are doing which you usually can find out after talking for a few seconds.

How I calculate the flv file size whe I recording from camera and microphone?

Hi all:
I'm recording video from my webcam and my microphone.
I would like to know how I can to determinate via some formula, approximately, the result file size due to camera and microphone configuration.
I show you my actual configuration:
     // setup cam
    cam = Camera.get();
    // setting dimensions and framerate
    cam.setMode(320, 240, 30);
    // set to minimum of 70% quality
    cam.setQuality(0,70);
    // setup mic
    mic = Microphone.get();
    mic.setRate(22);
Only ohert question:
What enconders are using to encoder video and audio by default?
Regards, Roberto.

I'd say 9.4 mb is correct. Email attachments always put on a lot of weight, so 12 mb as an attachment is probably right too.
Why don't you use a free service like Filemail? It's very easy to use, and you dont't have to sign up to use it.

Oracle SQL and PL/SQL interview questions.

Can anyone forward me all Oracle SQL and PL/SQL Interview questions and answers asap.
Many Thanks.
Bba

Dear Pal
I not sure all the all answers are correct. I got one mail couple yrs back. I am just sharing mail contents. Kindly keep question and compare answers.
1 Which is more faster - IN or EXISTS?
EXISTS is more faster than IN because EXISTS returns a Boolean value whereas IN returns a value.
2 Which datatype is used for storing graphics and images?
LONG RAW data type is used for storing BLOB's (binary large objects).
3 When do you use WHERE clause and when do you use HAVING clause?
HAVING clause is used when you want to specify a condition for a group function and it is written after GROUP BY clause. The WHERE clause is used when you want to specify a condition for columns, single row functions except group functions and it is written before GROUP BY clause if it is used.
4 What WHERE CURRENT OF clause does in a cursor?
LOOPSELECT num_credits INTO v_numcredits FROM classesWHERE dept=123 and course=101;UPDATE studentsSET current_credits=current_credits+v_numcreditsWHERE CURRENT OF X;END LOOPCOMMIT;END;
5 What should be the return type for a cursor variable.Can we use a scalar data type as return type?
The return type for a cursor must be a record type.It can be declared explicitly as a user-defined or %ROWTYPE can be used. eg TYPE t_studentsref IS REF CURSOR RETURN students%ROWTYPE
6 What is use of a cursor variable? How it is defined?
A cursor variable is associated with different statements at run time, which can hold different values at run time. Static cursors can only be associated with one run time query. A cursor variable is reference type (like a pointer in C).Declaring a cursor variable:TYPE type_name IS REF CURSOR RETURN return_type type_name is the name of the reference type,return_type is a record type indicating the types of the select list that will eventually be returned by the cursor variable.
7 What is the purpose of a cluster?
Oracle does not allow a user to specifically locate tables, since that is a part of the function of the RDBMS. However, for the purpose of increasing performance, oracle allows a developer to create a CLUSTER. A CLUSTER provides a means for storing data from different tables together for faster retrieval than if the table placement were left to the RDBMS.
8 What is the maximum buffer size that can be specified using the DBMS_OUTPUT.ENABLE function?
1,000,00
9 What is syntax for dropping a procedure and a function .Are these operations possible?
Drop Procedure procedure_nameDrop Function function_name
10 What is OCI. What are its uses?
Oracle Call Interface is a method of accesing database from a 3GL program. Uses--No precompiler is required,PL/SQL blocks are executed like other DML statements. The OCI library provides· -functions to parse SQL statemets· -bind input variables· -bind output variables· -execute statements· -fetch the results
11 What is difference between UNIQUE and PRIMARY KEY constraints?
A table can have only one PRIMARY KEY whereas there can be any number of UNIQUE keys. The columns that compose PK are automatically define NOT NULL, whereas a column that compose a UNIQUE is not automatically defined to be mandatory must also specify the column is NOT NULL.
12 What is difference between SUBSTR and INSTR?
SUBSTR returns a specified portion of a string eg SUBSTR('BCDEF',4) output BCDEINSTR provides character position in which a pattern is found in a string. eg INSTR('ABC-DC-F','-',2) output 7 (2nd occurence of '-')
13 What is difference between SQL and SQL*PLUS?
SQL*PLUS is a command line tool where as SQL and PL/SQL language interface and reporting tool. Its a command line tool that allows user to type SQL commands to be executed directly against an Oracle database. SQL is a language used to query the relational database(DML,DCL,DDL). SQL*PLUS commands are used to format query result, Set options, Edit SQL commands and PL/SQL.
14 What is difference between Rename and Alias?
Rename is a permanent name given to a table or column whereas Alias is a temporary name given to a table or column which do not exist once the SQL statement is executed.
15 What is difference between a formal and an actual parameter?
The variables declared in the procedure and which are passed, as arguments are called actual, the parameters in the procedure declaration. Actual parameters contain the values that are passed to a procedure and receive results. Formal parameters are the placeholders for the values of actual parameters
16 What is an UTL_FILE.What are different procedures and functions associated with it?
UTL_FILE is a package that adds the ability to read and write to operating system files. Procedures associated with it are FCLOSE, FCLOSE_ALL and 5 procedures to output data to a file PUT, PUT_LINE, NEW_LINE, PUTF, FFLUSH.PUT, FFLUSH.PUT_LINE,FFLUSH.NEW_LINE. Functions associated with it are FOPEN, ISOPEN.
17 What is a view ?
A view is stored procedure based on one or more tables, its a virtual table.
18 What is a pseudo column. Give some examples?
It is a column that is not an actual column in the table.eg USER, UID, SYSDATE, ROWNUM, ROWID, NULL, AND LEVEL.
19 What is a OUTER JOIN?
Outer Join--Its a join condition used where you can query all the rows of one of the tables in the join condition even though they dont satisfy the join condition.
20 What is a cursor?
Oracle uses work area to execute SQL statements and store processing information PL/SQL construct called a cursor lets you name a work area and access its stored information A cursor is a mechanism used to fetch more than one row in a Pl/SQl block.
21 What is a cursor for loop?
Cursor For Loop is a loop where oracle implicitly declares a loop variable, the loop index that of the same record type as the cursor's record.
22 What are various privileges that a user can grant to another user?
· SELECT· CONNECT· RESOURCES
23 What are various constraints used in SQL?
· NULL· NOT NULL· CHECK· DEFAULT
24 What are ORACLE PRECOMPILERS?
Using ORACLE PRECOMPILERS, SQL statements and PL/SQL blocks can be contained inside 3GL programs written in C,C++,COBOL,PASCAL, FORTRAN,PL/1 AND ADA.The Precompilers are known as Pro*C,Pro*Cobol,...This form of PL/SQL is known as embedded pl/sql,the language in which pl/sql is embedded is known as the host language. The prcompiler translates the embedded SQL and pl/sql ststements into calls to the precompiler runtime library.The output must be compiled and linked with this library to creater an executable.
25 What are different Oracle database objects?
· TABLES· VIEWS· INDEXES· SYNONYMS· SEQUENCES· TABLESPACES etc
26 What are different modes of parameters used in functions and procedures?
· IN· OUT· INOUT
27 What are cursor attributes?
· %ROWCOUNT· %NOTFOUND· %FOUND· %ISOPEN
28 What a SELECT FOR UPDATE cursor represent. [ANSWER]SELECT......FROM......FOR......UPDATE[OF column-reference][NOWAIT] The processing done in a fetch loop modifies the rows that have been retrieved by the cursor. A convenient way of modifying the rows is done by a method with two parts: the FOR UPDATE clause in the cursor declaration, WHERE CURRENT OF CLAUSE in an UPDATE or declaration statement.
29 There is a string 120000 12 0 .125 , how you will find the position of the decimal place?
INSTR('120000 12 0 .125',1,'.')output 13
30 There is a % sign in one field of a column. What will be the query to find it?
'' Should be used before '%'.
31 Suppose a customer table is having different columns like customer no, payments.What will be the query to select top three max payments?
SELECT customer_no, payments from customer C1
WHERE 3<=(SELECT COUNT(*) from customer C2
WHERE C1.payment <= C2.payment)
32 minvalue.sql Select the Nth lowest value from a table
select level, min('col_name') from my_table where level = '&n' connect by prior ('col_name') <
'col_name')
group by level;
Example:
Given a table called emp with the following columns:
-- id number
-- name varchar2(20)
-- sal number
-- For the second lowest salary:
-- select level, min(sal) from emp
-- where level=2
-- connect by prior sal < sal
-- group by level
33 maxvalue.sql Select the Nth Highest value from a table
select level, max('col_name') from my_table where level = '&n' connect by prior ('col_name') >
'col_name')
group by level;
Example:
Given a table called emp with the following columns:
-- id number
-- name varchar2(20)
-- sal number
-- For the second highest salary:
-- select level, max(sal) from emp
-- where level=2
-- connect by prior sal > sal
-- group by level
34 How you will avoid your query from using indexes?
SELECT * FROM emp
Where emp_no+' '=12345;
i.e you have to concatenate the column name with space within codes in the where condition.
SELECT /*+ FULL(a) */ ename, emp_no from emp
where emp_no=1234;
i.e using HINTS
35 How you will avoid duplicating records in a query?
By using DISTINCT
36 How you were passing cursor variables in PL/SQL 2.2?
In PL/SQL 2.2 cursor variables cannot be declared in a package.This is because the storage for a cursor variable has to be allocated using Pro*C or OCI with version 2.2, the only means of passing a cursor variable to a PL/SQL block is via bind variable or a procedure parameter.
37 How you open and close a cursor variable.Why it is required?
OPEN cursor variable FOR SELECT...Statement
CLOSE cursor variable In order to associate a cursor variable with a particular SELECT statement OPEN syntax is used. In order to free the resources used for the query CLOSE statement is used.
38 How will you delete duplicating rows from a base table?
delete from table_name where rowid not in (select max(rowid) from table group by duplicate_values_field_name); or
delete duplicate_values_field_name dv from table_name ta where rowid <(select min(rowid) from table_name tb where ta.dv=tb.dv);
39 How do you find the numbert of rows in a Table ?
A bad answer is count them (SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name)
A good answer is :-
'By generating SQL to ANALYZE TABLE table_name COUNT STATISTICS by querying Oracle System Catalogues (e.g. USER_TABLES or ALL_TABLES).
The best answer is to refer to the utility which Oracle released which makes it unnecessary to do ANALYZE TABLE for each Table individually.
40 Find out nth highest salary from emp table
SELECT DISTINCT (a.sal) FROM EMP A WHERE &N = (SELECT COUNT (DISTINCT (b.sal)) FROM EMP B WHERE a.sal<=b.sal);
For Eg:-
Enter value for n: 2
SAL
3700
41 Display the records between two range?
select rownum, empno, ename from emp where rowid in (select rowid from emp where rownum <=&upto minus select rowid from emp where rownum<&Start);
42 Display the number value in Words?
SQL> select sal, (to_char(to_date(sal,'j'), 'jsp'))
from emp;
the output like,
SAL (TO_CHAR(TO_DATE(SAL,'J'),'JSP'))
800 eight hundred
1600 one thousand six hundred
1250 one thousand two hundred fifty
If you want to add some text like, Rs. Three Thousand only.
SQL> select sal "Salary ",
(' Rs. '|| (to_char(to_date(sal,'j'), 'Jsp'))|| ' only.'))
"Sal in Words" from emp
Salary Sal in Words
800 Rs. Eight Hundred only.
1600 Rs. One Thousand Six Hundred only.
1250 Rs. One Thousand Two Hundred Fifty only.
43 Display Odd/ Even number of records
Odd number of records:
select * from emp where (rowid,1) in (select rowid, mod(rownum,2) from emp);
Output:-
1
3
5
Even number of records:
select * from emp where (rowid,0) in (select rowid, mod(rownum,2) from emp)
Output:-
2
4
6
44 Difference between procedure and function.
Functions are named PL/SQL blocks that return a value and can be called with arguments procedure a named block that can be called with parameter. A procedure all is a PL/SQL statement by itself, while a Function call is called as part of an expression.
45 Difference between NO DATA FOUND and %NOTFOUND
NO DATA FOUND is an exception raised only for the SELECT....INTO statements when the where clause of the querydoes not match any rows. When the where clause of the explicit cursor does not match any rows the %NOTFOUND attribute is set to TRUE instead.
46 Difference between database triggers and form triggers?
Data base trigger(DBT) fires when a DML operation is performed on a data base table. Form trigger(FT) Fires when user presses a key or navigates between fields on the screen
Can be row level or statement level No distinction between row level and statement level.
Can manipulate data stored in Oracle tables via SQL Can manipulate data in Oracle tables as well as variables in forms.
Can be fired from any session executing the triggering DML statements. Can be fired only from the form that define the trigger.
Can cause other database triggers to fire.Can cause other database triggers to fire, but not other form triggers.
47 Difference between an implicit & an explicit cursor.
PL/SQL declares a cursor implicitly for all SQL data manipulation statements, including quries that return only one row. However,queries that return more than one row you must declare an explicit cursor or use a cursor FOR loop.
Explicit cursor is a cursor in which the cursor name is explicitly assigned to a SELECT statement via the CURSOR...IS statement. An implicit cursor is used for all SQL statements Declare, Open, Fetch, Close. An explicit cursors are used to process multirow SELECT statements An implicit cursor is used to process INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and single row SELECT. .INTO statements.
48 Can you use a commit statement within a database trigger?
No.
49 Can the default values be assigned to actual parameters?
Yes
50 Can cursor variables be stored in PL/SQL tables.If yes how. If not why?
No, a cursor variable points a row which cannot be stored in a two-dimensional PL/SQL table.
51 Can a primary key contain more than one columns?
Yes
52 Can a function take OUT parameters. If not why?
No. A function has to return a value,an OUT parameter cannot return a value.
53 What are various joins used while writing SUBQUERIES?
Self join-Its a join foreign key of a table references the same table. Outer Join--Its a join condition used where One can query all the rows of one of the tables in the join condition even though they don't satisfy the join condition.
Equi-join--Its a join condition that retrieves rows from one or more tables in which one or more columns in one table are equal to one or more columns in the second table.
54 Differentiate between TRUNCATE and DELETE
TRUNCATE deletes much faster than DELETE
TRUNCATE
DELETE
It is a DDL statement It is a DML statement
It is a one way trip,cannot ROLLBACK One can Rollback
Doesn't have selective features (where clause) Has
Doesn't fire database triggers Does
It requires disabling of referential constraints. Does not require
1 What is PL/SQL ?
PL/SQL is a procedural language that has both interactive SQL and procedural programming language constructs such as iteration, conditional branching.
2 Write the order of precedence for validation of a column in a table ?
I. done using Database triggers.
ii. done using Integarity Constraints.
I & ii.
Exception :
3 Where the Pre_defined_exceptions are stored ?
In the standard package.
Procedures, Functions & Packages ;
4 What are % TYPE and % ROWTYPE ? What are the advantages of using these over datatypes?
% TYPE provides the data type of a variable or a database column to that variable.
% ROWTYPE provides the record type that represents a entire row of a table or view or columns selected in the cursor.
The advantages are : I. Need not know about variable's data type
ii. If the database definition of a column in a table changes, the data type of a variable changes accordingly.
5 What will happen after commit statement ?
Cursor C1 is
Select empno,
ename from emp;
Begin
open C1; loop
Fetch C1 into
eno.ename;
Exit When
C1 %notfound;-----
commit;
end loop;
end;
The cursor having query as SELECT .... FOR UPDATE gets closed after COMMIT/ROLLBACK.
The cursor having query as SELECT.... does not get closed even after COMMIT/ROLLBACK.
6 What is the basic structure of PL/SQL ?
PL/SQL uses block structure as its basic structure. Anonymous blocks or nested blocks can be used in PL/SQL.
7 What is Raise_application_error ?
Raise_application_error is a procedure of package DBMS_STANDARD which allows to issue an user_defined error messages from stored sub-program or database trigger.
8 What is Pragma EXECPTION_INIT ? Explain the usage ?
The PRAGMA EXECPTION_INIT tells the complier to associate an exception with an oracle error. To get an error message of a specific oracle error.
e.g. PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT (exception name, oracle error number)
9 What is PL/SQL table ?
Objects of type TABLE are called "PL/SQL tables", which are modeled as (but not the same as) database tables, PL/SQL tables use a primary PL/SQL tables can have one column and a primary key.
Cursors
10 What is Overloading of procedures ?
The Same procedure name is repeated with parameters of different datatypes and parameters in different positions, varying number of parameters is called overloading of procedures.
e.g. DBMS_OUTPUT put_line
What is a package ? What are the advantages of packages ?
11 What is difference between a PROCEDURE & FUNCTION ?
A FUNCTION is always returns a value using the return statement.
A PROCEDURE may return one or more values through parameters or may not return at all.
12 What is difference between a Cursor declared in a procedure and Cursor declared in a package specification ?
A cursor declared in a package specification is global and can be accessed by other procedures or procedures in a package.
A cursor declared in a procedure is local to the procedure that can not be accessed by other procedures.
13 What is difference between % ROWTYPE and TYPE RECORD ?
% ROWTYPE is to be used whenever query returns a entire row of a table or view.
TYPE rec RECORD is to be used whenever query returns columns of different
table or views and variables.
E.g. TYPE r_emp is RECORD (eno emp.empno% type,ename emp ename %type
e_rec emp% ROWTYPE
cursor c1 is select empno,deptno from emp;
e_rec c1 %ROWTYPE.
14 What is an Exception ? What are types of Exception ?
Exception is the error handling part of PL/SQL block. The types are Predefined and user defined. Some of Predefined exceptions are.
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX
NO_DATA_FOUND
TOO_MANY_ROWS
INVALID_CURSOR
INVALID_NUMBER
LOGON_DENIED
NOT_LOGGED_ON
PROGRAM-ERROR
STORAGE_ERROR
TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE
VALUE_ERROR
ZERO_DIVIDE
OTHERS.
15 What is a stored procedure ?
A stored procedure is a sequence of statements that perform specific function.
16 What is a database trigger ? Name some usages of database trigger ?
Database trigger is stored PL/SQL program unit associated with a specific database table. Usages are Audit data modifications, Log events transparently, Enforce complex business rules Derive column values automatically, Implement complex security authorizations. Maintain replicate tables.
17 What is a cursor for loop ?
Cursor for loop implicitly declares %ROWTYPE as loop index,opens a cursor, fetches rows of values from active set into fields in the record and closes
when all the records have been processed.
eg. FOR emp_rec IN C1 LOOP
salary_total := salary_total +emp_rec sal;
END LOOP;
18 What is a cursor ? Why Cursor is required ?
Cursor is a named private SQL area from where information can be accessed. Cursors are required to process rows individually for queries returning multiple rows.
19 What happens if a procedure that updates a column of table X is called in a database trigger of the same table ?
Mutation of table occurs.
20 What are two virtual tables available during database trigger execution ?
The table columns are referred as OLD.column_name and NEW.column_name.
For triggers related to INSERT only NEW.column_name values only available.
For triggers related to UPDATE only OLD.column_name NEW.column_name values only available.
For triggers related to DELETE only OLD.column_name values only available.
21 What are two parts of package ?
The two parts of package are PACKAGE SPECIFICATION & PACKAGE BODY.
Package Specification contains declarations that are global to the packages and local to the schema.
Package Body contains actual procedures and local declaration of the procedures and cursor declarations.
22 What are the two parts of a procedure ?
Procedure Specification and Procedure Body.
23 What are the return values of functions SQLCODE and SQLERRM ?
SQLCODE returns the latest code of the error that has occurred.
SQLERRM returns the relevant error message of the SQLCODE.
24 What are the PL/SQL Statements used in cursor processing ?
DECLARE CURSOR cursor name, OPEN cursor name, FETCH cursor name INTO or Record types, CLOSE cursor name.
25 What are the modes of parameters that can be passed to a procedure ?
IN,OUT,IN-OUT parameters.
26 What are the datatypes a available in PL/SQL ?
Some scalar data types such as NUMBER, VARCHAR2, DATE, CHAR, LONG, BOOLEAN.
Some composite data types such as RECORD & TABLE.
27 What are the cursor attributes used in PL/SQL ?
%ISOPEN - to check whether cursor is open or not
% ROWCOUNT - number of rows fetched/updated/deleted.
% FOUND - to check whether cursor has fetched any row. True if rows are fetched.
% NOT FOUND - to check whether cursor has fetched any row. True if no rows are featched.
These attributes are proceeded with SQL for Implicit Cursors and with Cursor name for Explicit Cursors.
28 What are the components of a PL/SQL Block ?
Declarative part, Executable part and Exception part.
Datatypes PL/SQL
29 What are the components of a PL/SQL block ?
A set of related declarations and procedural statements is called block.
30 What are advantages fo Stored Procedures /
Extensibility,Modularity, Reusability, Maintainability and one time compilation.
1 What is PL/SQL ?
PL/SQL is a procedural language that has both interactive SQL and procedural programming language constructs such as iteration, conditional branching.
2 Write the order of precedence for validation of a column in a table ?
I. done using Database triggers.
ii. done using Integarity Constraints.
I & ii.
Exception :
3 Where the Pre_defined_exceptions are stored ?
In the standard package.
Procedures, Functions & Packages ;
4 What are % TYPE and % ROWTYPE ? What are the advantages of using these over datatypes?
% TYPE provides the data type of a variable or a database column to that variable.
% ROWTYPE provides the record type that represents a entire row of a table or view or columns selected in the cursor.
The advantages are : I. Need not know about variable's data type
ii. If the database definition of a column in a table changes, the data type of a variable changes accordingly.
5 What will happen after commit statement ?
Cursor C1 is
Select empno,
ename from emp;
Begin
open C1; loop
Fetch C1 into
eno.ename;
Exit When
C1 %notfound;-----
commit;
end loop;
end;
The cursor having query as SELECT .... FOR UPDATE gets closed after COMMIT/ROLLBACK.
The cursor having query as SELECT.... does not get closed even after COMMIT/ROLLBACK.
6 What is the basic structure of PL/SQL ?
PL/SQL uses block structure as its basic structure. Anonymous blocks or nested blocks can be used in PL/SQL.
7 What is Raise_application_error ?
Raise_application_error is a procedure of package DBMS_STANDARD which allows to issue an user_defined error messages from stored sub-program or database trigger.
8 What is Pragma EXECPTION_INIT ? Explain the usage ?
The PRAGMA EXECPTION_INIT tells the complier to associate an exception with an oracle error. To get an error message of a specific oracle error.
e.g. PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT (exception name, oracle error number)
9 What is PL/SQL table ?
Objects of type TABLE are called "PL/SQL tables", which are modeled as (but not the same as) database tables, PL/SQL tables use a primary PL/SQL tables can have one column and a primary key.
Cursors
10 What is Overloading of procedures ?
The Same procedure name is repeated with parameters of different datatypes and parameters in different positions, varying number of parameters is called overloading of procedures.
e.g. DBMS_OUTPUT put_line
What is a package ? What are the advantages of packages ?
11 What is difference between a PROCEDURE & FUNCTION ?
A FUNCTION is always returns a value using the return statement.
A PROCEDURE may return one or more values through parameters or may not return at all.
12 What is difference between a Cursor declared in a procedure and Cursor declared in a package specification ?
A cursor declared in a package specification is global and can be accessed by other procedures or procedures in a package.
A cursor declared in a procedure is local to the procedure that can not be accessed by other procedures.
13 What is difference between % ROWTYPE and TYPE RECORD ?
% ROWTYPE is to be used whenever query returns a entire row of a table or view.
TYPE rec RECORD is to be used whenever query returns columns of different
table or views and variables.
E.g. TYPE r_emp is RECORD (eno emp.empno% type,ename emp ename %type
e_rec emp% ROWTYPE
cursor c1 is select empno,deptno from emp;
e_rec c1 %ROWTYPE.
14 What is an Exception ? What are types of Exception ?
Exception is the error handling part of PL/SQL block. The types are Predefined and user defined. Some of Predefined exceptions are.
CURSOR_ALREADY_OPEN
DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX
NO_DATA_FOUND
TOO_MANY_ROWS
INVALID_CURSOR
INVALID_NUMBER
LOGON_DENIED
NOT_LOGGED_ON
PROGRAM-ERROR
STORAGE_ERROR
TIMEOUT_ON_RESOURCE
VALUE_ERROR
ZERO_DIVIDE
OTHERS.
15 What is a stored procedure ?
A stored procedure is a sequence of statements that perform specific function.
16 What is a database trigger ? Name some usages of database trigger ?
Database trigger is stored PL/SQL program unit associated with a specific database table. Usages are Audit data modifications, Log events transparently, Enforce complex business rules Derive column values automatically, Implement complex security authorizations. Maintain replicate tables.
17 What is a cursor for loop ?
Cursor for loop implicitly declares %ROWTYPE as loop index,opens a cursor, fetches rows of values from active set into fields in the record and closes
when all the records have been processed.
eg. FOR emp_rec IN C1 LOOP
salary_total := salary_total +emp_rec sal;
END LOOP;
18 What is a cursor ? Why Cursor is required ?
Cursor is a named private SQL area from where information can be accessed. Cursors are required to process rows individually for queries returning multiple rows.
19 What happens if a procedure that updates a column of table X is called in a database trigger of the same table ?
Mutation of table occurs.
20 What are two virtual tables available during database trigger execution ?
The table columns are referred as OLD.column_name and NEW.column_name.
For triggers related to INSERT only NEW.column_name values only available.
For triggers related to UPDATE only OLD.column_name NEW.column_name values only available.
For triggers related to DELETE only OLD.column_name values only available.
21 What are two parts of package ?
The two parts of package are PACKAGE SPECIFICATION & PACKAGE BODY.
Package Specification contains declarations that are global to the packages and local to the schema.
Package Body contains actual procedures and local declaration of the procedures and cursor declarations.
22 What are the two parts of a procedure ?
Procedure Specification and Procedure Body.
23 What are the return values of functions SQLCODE and SQLERRM ?
SQLCODE returns the latest code of the error that has occurred.
SQLERRM returns the relevant error message of the SQLCODE.
24 What are the PL/SQL Statements used in cursor processing ?
DECLARE CURSOR cursor name, OPEN cursor name, FETCH cursor name INTO or Record types, CLOSE cursor name.
25 What are the modes of parameters that can be passed to a procedure ?
IN,OUT,IN-OUT parameters.
26 What are the datatypes a available in PL/SQL ?
Some scalar data types such as NUMBER, VARCHAR2, DATE, CHAR, LONG, BOOLEAN.
Some composite data types such as RECORD & TABLE.
27 What are the cursor attributes used in PL/SQL ?
%ISOPEN - to check whether cursor is open or not
% ROWCOUNT - number of rows fetched/updated/deleted.
% FOUND - to check whether cursor has fetched any row. True if rows are fetched.
% NOT FOUND - to check whether cursor has fetched any row. True if no rows are featched.
These attributes are proceeded with SQL for Implicit Cursors and with Cursor name for Explicit Cursors.
28 What are the components of a PL/SQL Block ?
Declarative part, Executable part and Exception part.
Datatypes PL/SQL
29 What are the components of a PL/SQL block ?
A set of related declarations and procedural statements is called block.
30 What are advantages fo Stored Procedures /
Extensibility,Modularity, Reusability, Maintainability and one time compilation.
31 Name the tables where characteristics of Package, procedure and functions are stored ?
User_objects, User_Source and User_error.
32 Is it possible to use Transaction control Statements such a ROLLBACK or COMMIT in Database Trigger ? Why ?
It is not possible. As triggers are defined for each table, if you use COMMIT of ROLLBACK in a trigger, it affects logical transaction processing.
33 How packaged procedures and functions are called from the following?
a. Stored procedure or anonymous block
b. an application program such a PRC C, PRO COBOL
c. SQL *PLUS
a. PACKAGE NAME.PROCEDURE NAME (parameters);
variable := PACKAGE NAME.FUNCTION NAME (arguments);
EXEC SQL EXECUTE
b.
BEGIN
PACKAGE NAME.PROCEDURE NAME (parameters)
variable := PACKAGE NAME.FUNCTION NAME (arguments);
END;
END EXEC;
c. EXECUTE PACKAGE NAME.PROCEDURE if the procedures does not have any
out/in-out parameters. A function can not be called.
34 How many types of database triggers can be specified on a table ? What are they ?
Insert Update Delete
Before Row o.k. o.k. o.k.
After Row o.k. o.k. o.k.
Before Statement o.k. o.k. o.k.
After Statement o.k. o.k. o.k.
If FOR EACH ROW clause is specified, then the trigger for each Row affected by the statement.
If WHEN clause is specified, the trigger fires according to the returned Boolean value.
35 Give the structure of the procedure ?
PROCEDURE name (parameter list.....)
is
local variable declarations
BEGIN
Executable statements.
Exception.
exception handlers
end;
36 Give the structure of the function ?
FUNCTION name (argument list .....) Return datatype is
local variable declarations
Begin
executable statements
Exception
execution handlers
End;
37 Explain the usage of WHERE CURRENT OF clause in cursors ?
WHERE CURRENT OF clause in an UPDATE,DELETE statement refers to the latest row fetched from a cursor.
Database Triggers
38 Explain the two type of Cursors ?
There are two types of cursors, Implicit Cursor and Explicit Cursor.
PL/SQL uses Implicit Cursors for queries.
User defined cursors are called Explicit Cursors. They can be declared and used.
39 Explain how procedures and functions are called in a PL/SQL block ?
Function is called as part of an expression.
sal := calculate_sal ('a822');
procedure is called as a PL/SQL statement
calculate_bonus ('A822');
Programmatic Constructs
Last Update: September 06, 2004
1 What are the different types of PL/SQL program units that can be defined and stored in ORACLE database ?
Procedures and Functions,Packages and Database Triggers.
2 What are the differences between Database Trigger and Integrity constraints ?
A declarative integrity constraint is a statement about the database that is always true. A constraint applies to existing data in the table and any statement that manipulates the table.
A trigger does not apply to data loaded before the definition of the trigger, therefore, it does not guarantee all data in a table conforms to the rules established by an associated trigger.
A trigger can be used to enforce transitional constraints where as a declarative integrity constraint cannot be used.
3 What is difference between Procedures and Functions ?
A Function returns a value to the caller where as a Procedure does not.
4 What is Database Trigger ?
A Database Trigger is procedure (set of SQL and PL/SQL statements) that is automatically executed as a result of an insert in,update to, or delete from a table.
5 What is a Procedure ?
A Procedure consist of a set of SQL and PL/SQL statements that are grouped together as a unit to solve a specific problem or perform a set of related tasks.
6 What is a Package ?
A Package is a collection of related procedures, functions, variables and other package constructs together as a unit in the database.
7 What are the uses of Database Trigger ?
Database triggers can be used to automatic data generation, audit data modifications, enforce complex Integrity constraints, and customize complex security authorizations.
8 What are the advantages of having a Package ?
Increased functionality (for example,global package variables can be declared and used by any proecdure in the package) and performance (for example all objects of the package are parsed compiled, and loaded into memory once)
1 With which function of summary item is the compute at options required?
percentage of total functions.
2 Why is it preferable to create a fewer no. of queries in the data model?
Because for each query, report has to open a separate cursor and has to rebind, execute and fetch data.
3 Why is a Where clause faster than a group filter or a format trigger?
Because, in a where clause the condition is applied during data retrieval than after retrieving the data.
4 Which parameter can be used to set read level consistency across multiple queries?
Read only.
5 Which of the two views should objects according to possession?
view by structure.
6 Which of the above methods is the faster method?
performing the calculation in the query is faster.
7 Where is the external query executed at the client or the server?
At the server.
8 Where is a procedure return in an external pl/sql library executed at the client or at the server?
At the client.
9 When do you use data parameter type?
When the value of a data parameter being passed to a called product is always the name of the record group defined in the current form. Data parameters are used to pass data to produts invoked with the run_product built-in subprogram.
10 When a form is invoked with call_form, Does oracle forms issues a save point?
Yes
11 What are the important difference between property clause and visual attributes?
Named visual attributes differ only font, color & pattern attributes, property clauses can contain this and any other properties. You can change the appearance of objects at run time by changing the named visual attributes programmatically , property clause assignments cannot be changed programmatically. When an object is inheriting from both a property clause and named visual attribute, the named visual attribute settings take precedence, and any visual attribute properties in the class are ignored.
12 What use of command line parameter cmd file?
It is a command line argument that allows you to specify a file that contain a set of arguments for r20run.
13 What is WHEN-Database-record trigger?
Fires when oracle forms first marks a record as an insert or an update. The trigger fires as soon as oracle forms determines through validation that the record should be processed by the next post or commit as an insert or update. c generally occurs only when the operators modifies the first item in the record, and after the operator attempts to navigate out of the item.
14 What is use of term?
The term file which key is correspond to which oracle report functions.
15 What is trigger associated with the timer?
When-timer-expired.
16 What is the use of transactional triggers?
Using transactional triggers we can control or modify the default functionality of the oracle forms.
17 What is the use of place holder column?
A placeholder column is used to hold calculated values at a specified place rather than allowing is to appear in the actual row where it has to appear.
18 What is the use of image_zoom built-in?
To manipulate images in image items.
19 What is the use of hidden column?
A hidden column is used to when a column has to embed into boilerplate text.
20 What is the use of break group?
A break group is used to display one record for one group ones. While multiple related records in other group can be displayed.
21 What is the remove on exit property?
For a modelless window, it determines whether oracle forms hides the window automatically when the operators navigates to an item in the another window.
22 What is the purpose of the product order option in the column property sheet?
To specify the order of individual group evaluation in a cross products.
23 What is the maximum no of chars the parameter can store?
The maximum no of chars the parameter can store is only valid for char parameters, which can be upto 64K. No parameters default to 23Bytes and Date parameter default to 7Bytes.
24 What is the main diff. bet. Reports 2.0 & Reports 2.5?
Report 2.5 is object oriented.
25 What is the frame & repeating frame?
A frame is a holder for a group of fields. A repeating frame is used to display a set of records when the no. of records that are to displayed is not known before.
26 What is the difference between OLE Server & Ole Container?
An Ole server application creates ole Objects that are embedded or linked in ole Containers ex. Ole servers are ms_word & ms_excel. OLE containers provide a place to store, display and manipulate objects that are created by ole server applications. Ex. oracle forms is an example of an ole Container.
27 What is the difference between object embedding & linking in Oracle forms?
In Oracle forms, Embedded objects become part of the form module, and linked objects are references from a form module to a linked source file.
28 What is the difference between boiler plat images and image items?
Boiler plate Images are static images (Either vector or bit map) that you import from the file system or database to use a graphical elements in your form, such as company logos and maps. Image items are special types of interface controls that store and display either vector or bitmap images. Like other items that store values, image items can be either base table items(items that relate directly to database columns) or control items. The definition of an image item is stored as part of the form module FMB and FMX files, but no image file is actually associated with an image item until the item is populate at run time.
29 What is the difference between $$DATE$$ & $$DBDATE$$ $$DBDATE$$ retrieves the current database date $$date$$ retrieves the current operating system date.
30 What is the diff. when Flex mode is mode on and when it is off?
When flex mode is on, reports automatically resizes the parent when the child is resized.
31 What is the diff. when confine mode is on and when it is off?
When confine mode is on, an object cannot be moved outside its parent in the layout.
32 What is the diff. bet. setting up of parameters in reports 2.0 reports 2.5?
LOVs can be attached to parameters in the reports 2.5 parameter form.
33 What is the advantage of the library?
Libraries provide a convenient means of storing client-side program units and sharing them among multiple applications. Once you create a library, you can attach it to any other form, menu, or library modules. When you can call library program units from triggers menu items commands and user named routine, you write in the modules to which you have attach the library. When a library attaches another library, program units in the first library can reference program units in the attached library. Library support dynamic loading-that is library program units are loaded into an application only when needed. This can significantly reduce the run-time memory requirements of applications.
34 What is term?
The term is terminal definition file that describes the terminal form which you are using r20run.
35 What is system.coordination_operation?
It represents the coordination causing event that occur on the master block in master-detail relation.
36 What is synchronize?
It is a terminal screen with the internal state of the form. It updates the screen display to reflect the information that oracle forms has in its internal representation of the screen.
37 What is strip sources generate options?
Removes the source code from the library file and generates a library files that contains only pcode. The resulting file can be used for final deployment, but can not be subsequently edited in the designer. ex. f45gen module=old_lib.pll userid=scott/tiger strip_source YES output_file
38 What is relation between the window and canvas views?
Canvas views are the back ground objects on which you place the interface items (Text items), check boxes, radio groups etc.,) and boilerplate objects (boxes, lines, images etc.,) that operators interact with us they run your form . Each canvas views displayed in a window.
39 What is pop list?
The pop list style list item appears initially as a single field (similar to a text item field). When the operator selects the list icon, a list of available choices appears.
40 What is new_form built-in?
When one form invokes another form by executing new_form oracle form exits the first form and releases its memory before loading the new form calling new form completely replace the first with the second. If there are changes pending in the first form, the operator will be prompted to save them before the new form is loaded.
41 What is lexical reference? How can it be created?
Lexical reference is place_holder for text that can be embedded in a sql statements. A lexical reference can be created using & before the column or parameter name.
42 What is forms_DDL?
Issues dynamic Sql statements at run time, including server side pl/SQl and DDL
43 What is difference between open_form and call_form?
when one form invokes another form by executing open_form the first form remains displayed, and operators can navigate between the forms as desired. when one form invokes another form by executing call_form, the called form is modal with respect to the calling form. That is, any windows that belong to the calling form are disabled, and operators cannot navigate to them until they first exit the called form.
44 What is bind reference and how can it be created?
Bind reference are used to replace the single value in sql, pl/sql statements a bind reference can be created using a (:) before a column or a parameter name.
45 What is an user exit used for?
A way in which to pass control (and possibly arguments ) form Oracle report to another Oracle products of 3 GL and then return control ( and ) back to Oracle reports.
46 What is an OLE?
Object Linking & Embedding provides you with the capability to integrate objects from many Ms-Windows applications into a single compound document creating integrated applications enables you to use the features form .
47 What is an object group?
An object group is a container for a group of objects; you define an object group when you want to package related objects, so that you copy or reference them in other modules.
48 What is an anchoring object & what is its use?
An anchoring object is a print condition object which used to explicitly or implicitly anchor other objects to itself.
49 What is a User_exit?
Calls the user exit named in the user_exit_string. Invokes a 3Gl program by name which has been properly linked into your current oracle forms executable.
50 What is a timer?
Timer is an "internal time clock" that you can programmatically create to perform an action each time the timer expires.
51 What is a Text_io Package?
It allows you to read and write information to a file in the file system.
52 What is a text list?
The text list style list item appears as a rectangular box which displays the fixed number of values. When the text list contains values that can not be displayed, a vertical scroll bar appears, allowing the operator to view and select undisplayed values.
53 What is a property clause?
A property clause is a named object that contains a list of properties and their settings. Once you create a property clause you can base other object on it. An object based on a property can inherit the setting of any property in the clause that makes sense for that object.
54 What is a physical page ? & What is a logical page ?
A physical page is a size of a page. That is output by the printer. The logical page is the size of one page of the actual report as seen in the Previewer.
55 What is a library?
A library is a collection of subprograms including user named procedures, functions and packages.
56 What is a difference between pre-select and pre-query?
Fires during the execute query and count query processing after oracle forms constructs the select statement to be issued, but before the statement is actually issued. The pre-query trigger fires just before oracle forms issues the select statement to the database after the operator as define the example records by entering the query criteria in enter query mode. Pre-query trigger fires before pre-select trigger.
57 What is a combo box?
A combo box style list item combines the features found in list and text item. Unlike the pop list or the text list style list items, the combo box style list item will both display fixed values and accept one operator entered value.
58 What does the term panel refer to with regard to pages?
A panel is the no. of physical pages needed to print one logical page.
59 What are visual attributes?
Visual attributes are the font, color, pattern proprieties that you set for form and menu objects that appear in your application interface.
60 What are three panes that appear in the run time pl/sql interpreter?
1.Source pane. 2. interpreter pane. 3. Navigator pane.
Regards
B RANGARAJAN

Camera and/or null layers question

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