First Java Programming Assignment - Grad student needs Help
Thank-you to whomever helps me out here (I have been waiting for the Professor to respond for 2 days now, and our asignment is due by midnight 2-nite. Here is my problem. We have a value called nPer. This value is defined as a double (it needs to since, it perfoms lots of calculations). Now the assigment calls for the print line to display the field in its integer format. So I have done the following:
nPer=Math.ceil(nPer);
This has caused the value to be represented as 181.0. Not good enough! The value needs to be truncated and represented as 181.
The professor has provided us with directions that use the following syntax
(int)181.0
Putting that exact code in my program causes JBuilder to create an error message. Ergo, its not right. I have serached all over the tutorial looking for the proper method to resolve this, however - no luck. Could some kind sole please help??? Thank-you.
You can look at either java.math.BigDecimal, if the
true representation of the value and rounding are a
concern, or java.text.NumberFormat if it's simply a
matter of display.
Your professor must be an old C programmer. Casting a
double to an int? Oh, my. - MODBut that's what his assignment says, display it as an int. And the cast would work; I'm assuming he just didn't use it right.
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Here's a little example of a simple class with a simple main method, the rest figure it out yourself, and with time read some java books, you won't learn java just by knowing C++.
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// See this as C constants (although they're not their Equivalent)
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Trying to compile my first Java program !
Hi,
I am a new programmer.Looking to clarify a very simple doubt while compiling my first java program.
I have set up jdk in the following directory on my PC , E:\j2sdk1.4.1_01\bin.
Now when I create the first AClass.java file in the AClass directory under bin and try and compile it I get the following error.
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Exception in thread main
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Just do this,
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Sorry for the length, but I wanted this to be thorough. Basically, I'm having the most trouble writing the switch statement, and outputting the total number of each type of employee...
Any help and pointers will be greatly appreciated...thanks all.You said you've written C and C++ code before. I don't have an excellent memory but from the little code that I wrote in C, I believe the switch statement is exactly the same.
Read this: [http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/switch.html]
If you're having trouble understanding something post what your specific problem is. No one is going to write your homework for you, but many, myself included, would be more than willing to help if you're really stumped. Just post your concise problem.
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Assignment Due TODAY - NEED HELP
My program is below and I have already setup a Client Server Connection for a hangman game, but I need help sending and displaying the options selected by the user. PLEASE HELP
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class ClientApp extends JFrame
// Declarations used in program
private Socket server;
ObjectOutputStream out;
ObjectInputStream in;
int length = 0; // Length of word received by Server
String guess;
String lines;
String secret;
int chances = 0; // Count to Hold no of chances by user
int categorySelected ;
// GUI Declarations
private JButton btnMovies;
private JButton btnSport;
private JButton btnExit, btnNew;
private JButton a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h,i,j,k,l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u,v,w,x,y,z;
private JLabel lblWelcome, lblCategory , lblChances;
private JPanel pan1, pan2, pan3, pan4, pan5, pan6, pan7, pan8, pan9, pan10;
private JTextArea answer;
private JTextField txtCategory, txtChances;
// CONSTRUCTOR
public ClientApp()
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
pan1 = new JPanel();
pan3 = new JPanel();
pan2 = new JPanel();
lblWelcome = new JLabel("Welcome to Hangman.\n\n Please select a category.");
pan1.add(lblWelcome);
btnMovies = new JButton("Movie Titles");
pan3.add(btnMovies);
btnSport = new JButton("Sport");
pan3.add(btnSport);
btnNew = new JButton("New Game");
pan3.add(btnNew);
btnExit = new JButton("Exit");
pan2.add(btnExit);
pan9 = new JPanel();
txtCategory = new JTextField(10);
pan9.add(txtCategory);
pan8 = new JPanel();
answer = new JTextArea(3,30);
answer.setEditable(false);
pan8.add(answer);
add(pan1);
add(pan3);
add(pan2);
add(pan9);
add(pan8);
btnExit.addActionListener(
new ActionListener()
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
System.exit(0);
btnMovies.addActionListener(
new ActionListener()
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
enableButtons();
btnSport.setEnabled(false);
btnNew.setEnabled(true);
txtCategory.setText("Movies");
categorySelected = 0;
processClient();
btnSport.addActionListener(
new ActionListener()
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
enableButtons();
btnMovies.setEnabled(false);
btnSport.setEnabled(false);
btnNew.setEnabled(true);
txtCategory.setText("Actors Names");
categorySelected = 1;
processClient();
btnNew.addActionListener(
new ActionListener()
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent event)
enableButtons();
btnSport.setEnabled(true);
btnMovies.setEnabled(true);
btnNew.setEnabled(false);
chances = 0;
communicate();
buttons();
disableButtons();
btnNew.setEnabled(false);
// Attempt to establish connection to server
try
// Create socket
server = new Socket("localhost", 8008);
catch (IOException ioe)
System.out.println("IOException: " + ioe.getMessage());
// Method to add Alphabetic Buttons to GUI
public void buttons()
pan4 = new JPanel();
pan5 = new JPanel();
pan6 = new JPanel();
pan7 = new JPanel();
a = new JButton("A");
b = new JButton("B");
c = new JButton("C");
d = new JButton("D");
e = new JButton("E");
f = new JButton("F");
g = new JButton("G");
h = new JButton("H");
i = new JButton("I");
j = new JButton("J");
k = new JButton("K");
l = new JButton("L");
m = new JButton("M");
n = new JButton("N");
o = new JButton("O");
p = new JButton("P");
q = new JButton("Q");
r = new JButton("R");
s = new JButton("S");
t = new JButton("T");
u = new JButton("U");
v = new JButton("V");
w = new JButton("W");
x = new JButton("X");
y = new JButton("Y");
z = new JButton("Z");
pan4.add(a);
pan4.add(b);
pan4.add(c);
pan4.add(d);
pan4.add(e);
pan4.add(f);
pan5.add(g);
pan5.add(h);
pan5.add(i);
pan5.add(j);
pan5.add(k);
pan5.add(l);
pan6.add(m);
pan6.add(n);
pan6.add(o);
pan6.add(p);
pan6.add(q);
pan6.add(r);
pan7.add(s);
pan7.add(t);
pan7.add(u);
pan7.add(v);
pan7.add(w);
pan7.add(x);
pan7.add(y);
pan7.add(z);
add(pan4);
add(pan5);
add(pan6);
add(pan7);
// Button Handler for Alphabet
ButtonHandler handler = new ButtonHandler();
a.addActionListener(handler);
b.addActionListener(handler);
c.addActionListener(handler);
d.addActionListener(handler);
e.addActionListener(handler);
f.addActionListener(handler);
g.addActionListener(handler);
h.addActionListener(handler);
i.addActionListener(handler);
j.addActionListener(handler);
k.addActionListener(handler);
l.addActionListener(handler);
m.addActionListener(handler);
n.addActionListener(handler);
o.addActionListener(handler);
p.addActionListener(handler);
q.addActionListener(handler);
r.addActionListener(handler);
s.addActionListener(handler);
t.addActionListener(handler);
u.addActionListener(handler);
v.addActionListener(handler);
w.addActionListener(handler);
x.addActionListener(handler);
y.addActionListener(handler);
z.addActionListener(handler);
private class ButtonHandler implements ActionListener
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
if (ae.getSource()==a)
guess = "a";
a.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==b)
guess = "b";
b.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==c)
guess = "c";
c.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==d)
guess = "d";
d.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==e)
guess = "e";
e.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==f)
guess = "f";
f.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==g)
guess = "g";
g.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==h)
guess = "h";
h.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==i)
guess = "i";
i.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==j)
guess = "j";
j.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==k)
guess = "k";
k.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==l)
guess = "l";
l.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==m)
guess = "m";
m.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==n)
guess = "n";
n.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==o)
guess = "o";
o.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==p)
guess = "p";
p.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==q)
guess = "q";
q.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==r)
guess = "r";
r.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==s)
guess = "s";
s.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==t)
guess = "t";
t.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==u)
guess = "u";
u.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==v)
guess = "v";
v.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==w)
guess = "w";
w.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==x)
guess = "x";
x.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==y)
guess = "y";
y.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
if (ae.getSource()==z)
guess = "z";
z.setEnabled(false);
sendGuess();
// Method to Disable the buttons
public void disableButtons()
a.setEnabled(false);
b.setEnabled(false);
c.setEnabled(false);
d.setEnabled(false);
e.setEnabled(false);
f.setEnabled(false);
g.setEnabled(false);
h.setEnabled(false);
i.setEnabled(false);
j.setEnabled(false);
k.setEnabled(false);
l.setEnabled(false);
m.setEnabled(false);
n.setEnabled(false);
o.setEnabled(false);
p.setEnabled(false);
q.setEnabled(false);
r.setEnabled(false);
s.setEnabled(false);
t.setEnabled(false);
u.setEnabled(false);
v.setEnabled(false);
w.setEnabled(false);
x.setEnabled(false);
y.setEnabled(false);
z.setEnabled(false);
// Method to enable Buttons so user can Click on them
public void enableButtons()
a.setEnabled(true);
b.setEnabled(true);
c.setEnabled(true);
d.setEnabled(true);
e.setEnabled(true);
f.setEnabled(true);
g.setEnabled(true);
h.setEnabled(true);
i.setEnabled(true);
j.setEnabled(true);
k.setEnabled(true);
l.setEnabled(true);
m.setEnabled(true);
n.setEnabled(true);
o.setEnabled(true);
p.setEnabled(true);
q.setEnabled(true);
r.setEnabled(true);
s.setEnabled(true);
t.setEnabled(true);
u.setEnabled(true);
v.setEnabled(true);
w.setEnabled(true);
x.setEnabled(true);
y.setEnabled(true);
z.setEnabled(true);
public void communicate()
// The connection has been established - now send/receive.
try
// create channels
out = new ObjectOutputStream(server.getOutputStream());
out.flush();
in = new ObjectInputStream(server.getInputStream());
catch (IOException ioe)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"IO Exception: " + ioe.getMessage());
catch (NullPointerException n)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Error occured...");
public void processClient()
try
// Tells server which category is selected by user
out.writeObject(categorySelected);
out.flush();
secret = (String)in.readObject();
length = (Integer)in.readObject();
lines = "";
for (int x=0;x < length;x++)
lines += " - ";
answer.setText(lines);
String ToDisplay="";
for (int q=0; q<secret.length;q++)
ToDisplay+=secret.length;
answer.setText(" " + ToDisplay); */
// String Correctin = (String)in.readObject();
// JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, Correctin );
catch (IOException ioe)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "IO Exception: " + ioe.getMessage());
catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Class not found..." );
}//end method
public void sendGuess()
try
// Sends the character guessed by user
out.writeObject(guess);
out.flush();
// Chances incremented
//chances = chances + 1;
// Calcualates to see whether chances are up
//if (chances >= 7)
// JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"GAME OVER!! You used up all your chances...");
// disableButtons();
}//end try
catch (IOException ioe)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, ioe.getMessage());
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}//end method
public static void main(String[] args)
ClientApp client = new ClientApp();
client.communicate();
client.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
client.setSize(500,300);
client.setVisible(true);
import java.io.*;
import java.net.*;
import java.util.*;
import javax.swing.*;
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String movies [] = {"shrek","titanic","disturbia","blade","scream"};
String sport [] = {"tennis","golf","rugby","hockey","soccer","judo"};
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int selectw; // Random word selected in Array
String secretword = "";
int wordlength = 0;
String guess;
char letter;
Random rand = new Random();
String msg;
ObjectOutputStream out;
ObjectInputStream in;
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// Server socket
private ServerSocket listener;
// Client connection
private Socket client;
public ServerApp()
// Create server socket
try {
listener = new ServerSocket(8008);
catch (IOException ioe)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"IO Exception: " + ioe.getMessage());
public void listen()
// Start listening for client connections
try
client = listener.accept();
System.out.println("Server started");
processClient();
}//end try
catch(IOException ioe)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"IO Exception: " + ioe.getMessage());
}//end catch
public void processClient()
try
while(msg != "TERMINATE")
//input and output stream
out = new ObjectOutputStream(client.getOutputStream());
out.flush();
in = new ObjectInputStream(client.getInputStream());
//Receiving a category
inCategory = (Integer)in.readObject();
chances = 7;
selectw = 0;
if (inCategory == 0)
selectw = rand.nextInt(5);
secretword = movies[selectw];
out.writeObject(secretword);
out.flush();
}//end if
if (inCategory == 1)
selectw = rand.nextInt(6);
secretword = sport[selectw];
}//end if
wordlength = secretword.length();
out.writeObject(wordlength);
out.flush();
for (int y=0;y < wordlength;y++)
guess = (String)in.readObject();
letter = guess.charAt(0);
if(chances == 0)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"No more chances left");
else
if(letter == secretword.charAt(y))
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"You chose a correct letter...");
else
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"You chose a wrong letter...");
chances--;
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"You won the game...");
}//end while
// Step 3:close down
out.close();
in.close();
client.close();
System.out.println("Server stopped");
catch (IOException ioe)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"IO Exception: " + ioe.getMessage());
catch (ClassNotFoundException cnfe)
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,"Class not found: " + cnfe.getMessage());
public static void main(String[] args)
// Create application
ServerApp server = new ServerApp();
// Start waiting for connections
server.listen();
}JAVAHELPNEEDED wrote:
How do I save that amount of code?
Can you HELP me or NOT??Depends what you mean. Will I write you any code? No. Will I tell you what to write? No. You can do it yourself, that's why it's called your homework. I will, though, give you a couple of tips on how to get started.
1) Throw away what you've done
2) Do a quick requirements analysis. That means, write down descriptive, plain English (or whatever language you think in) what the thing is supposed to do. "Be a hangman game" is too brief, but twenty pages of technical jargon is too much. Write a bit of a story about what the program must do. You now have the start of a design.
3) Break down what has to be done into manageable chunks. Your first mistake (and most newbs) was trying to write one side of the game in a single class. Don't be afraid to write 20 classes, or 50, if that's what's needed. It'll be easier both now and in the long run
4) Tackle each chunk one by one. Don't try and do it all at once, that never works. If you write the code one bit at a time, you'll inevitably write more modular code
5) You'll probably screw it up. Don't worry. It happens. Try again
6) Don't give up. Writing software is hard, there's no way around that, so deal with it
7) Don't make the mistake of thinking the software is the GUI. It isn't (don't extend JFrame, hint hint)
8) Good luck -
Java for Pocket PC 6700, Need Help
Somebody Please help me! I bought a Pocket PC 6700 With Windows Mobile 5.0. I am trying to run an ".aspx" java supported extension for my Scottrade streaming quotes screen on my Pocket PC. Is there ANY java programs/downloads/patches, anything that will launch this app. with what I got? Im looking for a solution to this problem. Ive came across some research of it being a liscensing problem but I would think this kind of technology would be taken advantage of at this point with these new pocket PC's
Thanks,
Erichave a look at
http://java.sun.com/products/personaljava/
it's free.
It is quite easy to write applications in Java for Pocket PC. If your are new to Java finde a nice book buy it learn an start. To run the stuff on the Pocket PC install PJava on the device, set the classpath on the Pocket PC (there is a description how to do it in the doc files), make a jar file from your app and transfer it to the Pocket PC: ready to use.
If you have any specific questions how to use PJava go to the PersonalJava Forum.
Have Fun! -
Does the % drop the decimal before or after calculation? Student needs help
I'm a student taking a course on Java at home and I need to know if in a calculation, the % switch drops the decimal before or after calculation?
% as in mod, as in remainder? I believe this only works on int/long values, in which case, it would probably be before... but I have been known to be wrong.
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Java Intro student needs help on arrays
As my first assignment I have created a program called RobotRat which has a "Rat" move north, south, east, or west on an array floor. I have the program running but am having trouble creating my "floor" using a two-dimensional array. My teacher also wants us to use boolean values for our array. I am drawing a blank on how to create this. From my books I have gathered the following code but cannot get it to work. Any help would be greatly appreciated:
1.public class RobotRatArray
2.{
3.
4. dataType RobotRatArray[] [];
5. int matrix [] [];
6. matrix = new int [20] [20];
7.
8.
9.}Okay, I just spoke with a classmate of mine and they said my array isn't in another window. I need to do some system.out.print commands so they print out on my dos window. I am just so confused with this program. I am going to copy and paste it in here in case anyone has any guidance for me. It would be greatly appreciated. (Sorry, I can't figure out how to get my line numbers to populate from textpad when I paste in this message)
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import java.util.*;
public class RobotRat extends JFrame implements ActionListener
private JPanel panel1 = null;
private JPanel panel2 = null;
private JPanel panel3 = null;
private JLabel label1 = null;
private JLabel label2 = null;
private JLabel label3 = null;
private JTextField textfield1 = null;
private JButton button1 = null;
private JButton button2 = null;
private JButton button3 = null;
private JButton button4 = null;
private boolean[][] floor = null;
private int current_column = 21;
private int current_row = 21;
private static final int UP = 1;
private static final int DOWN = 0;
private static final int NORTH = 0;
private static final int EAST = 1;
private static final int SOUTH = 2;
private static final int WEST = 3;
private int pen_position = UP;
private int rats_direction = EAST;
public RobotRat()
super("RobotRat");
label1 = new JLabel("Spaces: ");
textfield1 = new JTextField(40);
button1 = new JButton("Move North");
button2 = new JButton("Move South");
button3 = new JButton("Move East");
button4 = new JButton("Move West");
button1.addActionListener(this);
button2.addActionListener(this);
button3.addActionListener(this);
button4.addActionListener(this);
this.getContentPane().setLayout(new FlowLayout());
this.getContentPane().add(label1);
this.getContentPane().add(textfield1);
this.getContentPane().add(button1);
this.getContentPane().add(button2);
this.getContentPane().add(button3);
this.getContentPane().add(button4);
this.setSize(600, 100);
this.setLocation(100, 100);
this.show();
public void togglePen()
switch(pen_position)
case (UP): pen_position = DOWN;
label1.setText("DOWN");
break;
case (DOWN): pen_position = UP;
label1.setText("UP");
break;
default: break;
public void turnLeft()
switch(rats_direction)
case NORTH: rats_direction = WEST;
label3.setText("WEST");
break;
case EAST: rats_direction = NORTH;
label3.setText("NORTH");
break;
case SOUTH: rats_direction = EAST;
label3.setText("EAST");
break;
case WEST: rats_direction = SOUTH;
label3.setText("SOUTH");
break;
public void move()
int spaces_to_move = 0;
try
spaces_to_move=Integer.parseInt(textfield1.getText());
catch(Exception e)
switch(pen_position)
case UP:
switch(rats_direction)
case NORTH: ;
case SOUTH: ;
case WEST: ;
case EAST: ;
break;
case DOWN:
switch(rats_direction)
case NORTH: ;
case SOUTH: ;
case WEST: ;
case EAST: ;
break;
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
if (e.getActionCommand().equals("TogglePen")) {
togglePen();
else if (e.getActionCommand().equals("TurnLeft")) {
turnLeft();
public static void main(String[] args)
RobotRat rr = new RobotRat(); -
Im a Uni student&need help:JAVA Final Year Project: Undo Manager Problem
Hey all,
Im writing a Final Year Project and have minimal experience writing in JAVA.
It is an information visualisation assignment which involves reproducing code/text in a reduced format. Sort of to do with Line oriented statistics.
http://www.cc.gatech.edu/aristotle/Tools/tarantula/continuous.gif
This image will give you an idea of what im talking about.
Anyway, i need to know if its possible to get information about individual undos/edits from an undomanager.
Basically i need to be able to say, for example,
there are 12 undos
undo 12 occurs at line X
undo 11 occurs at line Y
etc etc
I need to be able to get this information without actually invoking the Undo last edit call.
Im bringing the Java undomanager tutorial home but from what ive read it seems like impossible?
Any and all help appreciated.
Regards,
PWhen I was at uni I had to implement that for the text area of an IDE. All I did was rip off the code from the Notepad.java that comes with the SDK.
-
Collage Students need help with Java project(Email Server) whats analysis?
Hi im studying in collage at the moment and i have just started learning java this semester, the thing is my teacher just told us to do an project in java , since we just started the course and i dont have any prior knowledge about java i was wondering if some one could help me with the project.
i choose Email Sevice as my project and we have to submit an analysis and design document , but how the hell am i suppose to know what analysis is ? i just know we use ER diagrams & DFD's in the design phase but i dont know what analysis means ?
could some one tell me what analysis on an email service might be? and what analysis on a subject means? is it the codeing involved or some thing coz the teacher told us not to do any codeing yet so im completly stumped,
oh and btw we are a group of 3 students who are asking u the help here coz all of us in our class are stupmed ?IN case any one is interested this is the analysis i wrote
ANALYSIS
Analysis means figuring out what the problem is, maybe what kinds of solutions might be appropriate
1. Introduction:-
The very definition of analysis is an investigation of the component parts of a whole and their relations in making up the whole. The Analysis done here is for an emailing service called Flashmail, the emailing service is used to send out mails to users registered with our service, these users and there log activities will be stored in some where, the most desirable option at this time is a Database, but this can change as the scope of the project changes.
2. Customer Analysis:-
We are targeting only 30 registered users at the moment but this is subject to change as the scale changes of the project .Each user is going to be entitled to 1MB of storage space at this time since we lack the desired infrastructure to maintain anything higher than 1MB but the end vision of the project is to sustain 1000 MB of storage space while maintaining a optimal bandwidth allocation to each user so as to ensure a high speed of activity and enjoyment for the Customer.
The Service will empower the user to be able to send, read, reply, and forward emails to there specified locations. Since we are working on a limited budget we can�t not at this time enable the sending of attachments to emails, but that path is also left open by modularity of java language, so we can add that feature when necessary.
3. Processor Load Analysis:-
The number of messages per unit time processing power will be determined on hand with various algorithms, since it is best not to waste processor power with liberally distributing messages per unit time. Hence the number of messages will vary with in proportion to the number of registered users online at any given time.
4. Database Decision Analysis:-
The High level Requirements of the service will have to be decided upon, the details of which can be done when we are implementing the project itself. An example of high level requirements are database management, we have chosen not to opt for flat files because of a number of reasons, first off a flat files are data files that contain records with no structured relationships additional knowledge is required to interpret these files such as the file format properties. The disadvantages associated with flat files are that they are not fast, they can only be read from top to bottom, and usually they have to be read all the way through. Though there is are advantages of Flat files they are that it takes up less space than a structured file. However, it requires the application to have knowledge of how the data is organized within the file.
Good databases have key advantage over flat files concurrency. When you just read stuff from file it�s easy, but tries to synchronize multiple updates or writes into flat file from scripts that run in different process spaces.
Whereas a flat file is a relatively simple database system in which each database is contained in a single table. In contrast, relational database systems can use multiple tables to store information, and each table can have a different record format.
5. Networking Analysis:-
Virtually every email sent today is sent using two popular protocols known as SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) and MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions).
1. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
The SMTP protocol is the standard used by mail servers for sending and receiving email. In order to send email we will first establish a network connection to our SMTP server. Once you have finished sending your email message it is necessary that you disconnect from the SMTP server
2. MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions)
The MIME protocol is the standard used when composing email messages.
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