General managment on data in a program?

Hello
How does programs handle vast amount of data? What general principle is followed? Do they read/write to temporary files, has database something to do with it (I do not know how a database work)? After all, you do not need much effort to run out of heap-space in Java. If I were to learn some of these strategies, what conceptual word would I google for? Or maybe you have a book you think is appropriate? To me, without any proper IT education, its a bit of a mystery :)
Regards
JT

Handle which kind of data to do what?
To me, without any context, it's a bit of a mystery
as well.Well, any kind of data. Let us say I want to create a GIS. That involves alot of numeric data. Let us say I want to performe statistics on a numeric dataset ~100Mb. Etc etc.
Does different data require different handling?
JT

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