Lowest Level Call X64 and what need to be preserved?
Hi,
Our team- recently had a problem regarding a lowest level function in x64 bit machines in Windows - and what needs to be preserved in order to safely handle the event and pass it on to Windows Kernel. I am not too experienced in handling functions this deep
into Usermode (Ring3).
Can someone please answer my doubts?
Thanks
Hi,
The lowest level function which runs into x64 bit mode is Wow64ServicesEx
it is 4 layers\level below X86SwitchTo64BitMode (can be found in FS[0xC0] call hierarchy as it passes on to while changing it's code segment to 0x33 CpupReturnFromSimulatedCode,
then it passes on to TurboDispatchJumpAddressEnd finally jumping to
Wow64ServicesEx.
As for the 2nd sub-question, you need to preserve EAX register and ESP register because EAX, contains the caller function ID for example
NtOpenProcess's ID is 23h. As shown in the first few bytes of it's prologue:
mov eax, 23h
xor ecx, ecx
lea edx, DWORD PTR SS:[esp+0x04]
If you understand the assembly above you can see that the eax is being filled with it's ID 23h, as for esp it is being filled with the parameters, then it will be passed to the next call in the Windows Call hierarchy. As all functions need parameters you
need to save EAX, ESP you can use PUSPAD and POPAD combinations in the handle callback.
Regards Rohan Vijjhalwar
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Aggregation at the lowest level in the cube
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I designed very simple test cube with one dimension (both MOLAP driven).
The dimension PRODUCT consists of three levels:
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PR_GROUP_NAME PR_GROUP_ID PR_CATEGORY_NAME PR_CATEGORY_ID PR_DETAIL_NAME PRODUCT_DETAIL_ID
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879 1000000004 17
896 1000000006 18
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and
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and two lines:
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Thank you very much.
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regards RagnarRangar,
Simplicity is in the eye of the beholder, but you should be able to make it work. The details will depend on your source mapping, but I will assume that you have a single dimension star table with three columns, one per level.
CREATE TABLE CUST
Total varchar2,
CustomerClass varchar2,
CustomerType varchar2
I'll assume further that the member 'INTERNAL' appears as CustomerType. Define a VIEW on top of the table like this.
CREATE VIEW CUST_VIEW AS
SELECT *
FROM CUST
WHERE CustomerType != 'INTERNAL'
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TOTAL_EXTERNAL
CUST_CLASS_EXTERNAL
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TOTAL_EXTERNAL
CUST_CLASS_EXTERNAL
CUSTOMER_TYPE
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Hai,
The promotion key figure has to be the lowest level of detail, which means the KF has to be the lowest in the hierarchy. This means, I can only assign promotions at the lowest level?
For example, a product called DOW white color soaps and a group level called DOW soaps. So as per the promotion planning, I can only set promotions at the DOW white color soaps and not at the group level of DOW soaps? is that true? What if I have a case that I have to specify a promotion at group.
Thank you.Hi Vishu ,
Firstly let me clear you that Promotion Key figure is the key figure in which the data for the promotion is to be stored and the Promotion level is the characteristic at which level the promotion is maintained ,this may be the Locaion or the Product .Yes you need to assign promotion to the lowest level but this does not mean that you can not add promotions at higher level like product grp or Brand .
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For more clarification go thro.
<a href="http://help.sap.com/saphelp_scm40/helpdata/en/0d/429ba838ee11d3982b0000e8a49608/frameset.htm">Creating a Promotion</a>[url
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Hi Gurus,
May I know the various methods to confine planning level at the lowest level and re-define the Primitive methods where business currently uses in excel sheet and plans at all level into demand planning with a minimum and lowest level by which the business reduces manual work and increases visibility and planning.
Example: Business currently plans at customer Hierarchies which has about 6 levels, product has Hierarchies at 5 levels, location hierarchies at 3 level in excel sheet and on monthly level for an year and then quarterly for 2 years and yearly basis for one year. This we need to confine to lowest level of customer, product and location.
HEIRARCHY LEVEL
PRODUCT
CUSTOMER
LOCATION
LEVEL
P0
C0
L0
HIGHEST
1
P1
C1
L1
2
P2
C2
L2
3
P3
C3
L3
4
P4
C4
SOLD-TO
5
P5
C5
6
P6
CUSTOMER
LOWEST
SKU
PLANNING LEVEL
PRODUCT
CUSTOMER
LOCATION(DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL)
HEIRARCHY LEVEL
P6
C5
L3
LOWEST LEVEL
WHERE
P6
SKU
C5
CUSTOMER
L3
SOLD-TO- PARTY
CVC
P6_C5_L3
So in this case, the cvc are created at lowest level of planning, at P6_C5_L3.
Now how to convenience the business that they need to do the planning at this level for planning, as the rest levels will be aggregated automatically in demand planning.
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Could someone guide us in giving some solution which ease the business need of planning at any level. Hope you have understood my requirement by the above example. If not do let me know, so that I may try to inform by further details. Thanks in advance.
PraveenPraveen,
Not really sure what the question is. You say you want to 'confine' planning to the most detailed level, but you also want to support planning at an intermediate level.
No matter. DP transparently supports planning at any/all levels simultaneously. Data in DP is always stored at the detail level, no matter which level (or combination of levels) the forecast is entered at.
Creation of the Demand Forecast - SAP Library
Best Regards,
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Hi,
The documentation says that we need to plan the promotions at the lowest level of aggregation i.e., the material level. Why? Is there a specific reason for this? Can we plan at other levels of aggregation as well? What happens if we plan at higher level;s of aggregation?
Thanks.I think it is possible to do it in an aggregated level however you need to define your distribution rules in order to get the desired result, you need also to consider that if distribution rules changes and the value after promotional planning returns the same value, it is possible that detailed level are not realigned to the new distribution rule (e.g. regarding another ratio).
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How to find Latch and what actions need to be taken when there is a latch
Hi
Can you please tell me how to find Latch and what actions need to be taken when there is a latch?
Thanks
Regards,
RJ.1. What is a latch?
Latches are low level serialization mechanisms used to protect shared
data structures in the SGA. The implementation of latches is operating
system dependent, particularly in regard to whether a process will wait
for a latch and for how long.
A latch is a type of a lock that can be very quickly acquired and freed.
Latches are typically used to prevent more than one process from
executing the same piece of code at a given time. Associated with each
latch is a cleanup procedure that will be called if a process dies while
holding the latch. Latches have an associated level that is used to
prevent deadlocks. Once a process acquires a latch at a certain level it
cannot subsequently acquire a latch at a level that is equal to or less
than that level (unless it acquires it nowait).
2. Latches vs Enqueues
Enqueues are another type of locking mechanism used in Oracle.
An enqueue is a more sophisticated mechanism which permits several concurrent
processes to have varying degree of sharing of "known" resources. Any object
which can be concurrently used, can be protected with enqueues. A good example
is of locks on tables. We allow varying levels of sharing on tables e.g.
two processes can lock a table in share mode or in share update mode etc.
One difference is that the enqueue is obtained using an OS specific
locking mechanism. An enqueue allows the user to store a value in the lock,
i.e the mode in which we are requesting it. The OS lock manager keeps track
of the resources locked. If a process cannot be granted the lock because it
is incompatible with the mode requested and the lock is requested with wait,
the OS puts the requesting process on a wait queue which is serviced in FIFO.
Another difference between latches and enqueues is that
in latches there is no ordered queue of waiters like in enqueues. Latch
waiters may either use timers to wakeup and retry or spin (only in
multiprocessors). Since all waiters are concurrently retrying (depending on
the scheduler), anyone might get the latch and conceivably the first one to
try might be the last one to get.
3. When do we need to obtain a latch?
A process acquires a latch when working with a structure in the SGA
(System Global Area). It continues to hold the latch for the period
of time it works with the structure. The latch is dropped when the
process is finished with the structure. Each latch protects a different
set of data, identified by the name of the latch.
Oracle uses atomic instructions like "test and set" for operating on latches.
Processes waiting to execute a part of code for which a latch has
already been obtained by some other process will wait until the
latch is released. Examples are redo allocation latches, copy
latches, archive control latch etc. The basic idea is to block concurrent
access to shared data structures. Since the instructions to
set and free latches are atomic, the OS guarantees that only one process gets
it. Since it is only one instruction, it is quite fast. Latches are held
for short periods of time and provide a mechanism for cleanup in case
a holder dies abnormally while holding it. This cleaning is done using
the services of PMON.
4. Latches request modes?
Latches request can be made in two modes: "willing-to-wait" or "no wait". Normally,
latches will be requested in "willing-to-wait" mode. A request in "willing-to-wait" mode
will loop, wait, and request again until the latch is obtained. In "no wait" mode the process
request the latch. If one is not available, instead of waiting, another one is requested. Only
when all fail does the server process have to wait.
Examples of "willing-to-wait" latches are: shared pool and library cache latches
A example of "no wait" latches is the redo copy latch.
5. What causes latch contention?
If a required latch is busy, the process requesting it spins, tries again
and if still not available, spins again. The loop is repeated up to a maximum
number of times determined by the initialization parameter SPINCOUNT.
If after this entire loop, the latch is still not available, the process must yield
the CPU and go to sleep. Initially is sleeps for one centisecond. This time is
doubled in every subsequent sleep.
This causes a slowdown to occur and results in additional CPU usage,
until a latch is available. The CPU usage is a consequence of the
"spinning" of the process. "Spinning" means that the process continues to
look for the availability of the latch after certain intervals of time,
during which it sleeps.
6. How to identify contention for internal latches?
Relevant data dictionary views to query
V$LATCH
V$LATCHHOLDER
V$LATCHNAME
Each row in the V$LATCH table contains statistics for a different type
of latch. The columns of the table reflect activity for different types
of latch requests. The distinction between these types of requests is
whether the requesting process continues to request a latch if it
is unavailable:
willing-to-wait If the latch requested with a willing-to-wait
request is not available, the requesting process
waits a short time and requests the latch again.
The process continues waiting and requesting until
the latch is available.
no wait If the latch requested with an immediate request is
not available, the requesting process does not
wait, but continues processing.
V$LATCHNAME key information:
GETS Number of successful willing-to-wait requests for
a latch.
MISSES Number of times an initial willing-to-wait request
was unsuccessful.
SLEEPS Number of times a process waited a requested a latch
after an initial wiling-to-wait request.
IMMEDIATE_GETS Number of successful immediate requests for each latch.
IMMEDIATE_MISSES Number of unsuccessful immediate requests for each latch.
Calculating latch hit ratio
To get the Hit ratio for latches apply the following formula:
"willing-to-wait" Hit Ratio=(GETS-MISSES)/GETS
"no wait" Hit Ratio=(IMMEDIATE_GETS-IMMEDIATE_MISSES)/IMMEDIATE_GETS
This number should be close to 1. If not, tune according to the latch name
7. Useful SQL scripts to get latch information
** Display System-wide latch statistics.
column name format A32 truncate heading "LATCH NAME"
column pid heading "HOLDER PID"
select c.name,a.addr,a.gets,a.misses,a.sleeps,
a.immediate_gets,a.immediate_misses,b.pid
from v$latch a, v$latchholder b, v$latchname c
where a.addr = b.laddr(+)
and a.latch# = c.latch#
order by a.latch#;
** Given a latch address, find out the latch name.
column name format a64 heading 'Name'
select a.name from v$latchname a, v$latch b
where b.addr = '&addr'
and b.latch#=a.latch#;
** Display latch statistics by latch name.
column name format a32 heading 'LATCH NAME'
column pid heading 'HOLDER PID'
select c.name,a.addr,a.gets,a.misses,a.sleeps,
a.immediate_gets,a.immediate_misses,b.pid
from v$latch a, v$latchholder b, v$latchname c
where a.addr = b.laddr(+) and a.latch# = c.latch#
and c.name like '&latch_name%' order by a.latch#;
8. List of all the latches
Oracle versions might differ in the latch# assigned to the existing latches.
The following query will help you to identify all latches and the number assigned.
column name format a40 heading 'LATCH NAME'
select latch#, name from v$latchname; -
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