Oracle 10g - Metric Calculations

I am trying to support a query that creates a report(hourly) to be used in Excel and some of the stats may be incorrect.A user is prompted to enter a start date from when to begin searching for records.The goal is to generate measurements on a process. The process begins when a customer has added his email to our website. Then he is sent an email for verification.However,problems sending the email may occur indicated by the TRANS_STATUS codes. DATE_EMAIL_ADDED is when the customer fills out our website and submits his email. DATE_EMAIL_SENT is when the email was validated and the time the notification was sent. The dates are timestamps. Also, I would like some thoughts on the calculations to make sure they are correct. Any suggestions on optimizing this query or a different approach to the solution is appreciated.
-- DDL for Table TRANS_DTL
{code
CREATE TABLE "TRANS_DTL"
(     "TRANS_ID" NUMBER(22,0),
     "TRANS_TYPE" VARCHAR2(5),
     "START_TIME" DATE,
     "END_TIME" DATE,
     "TRANS_STATUS" VARCHAR2(3)
code}
-- DDL for Table EMAILINGS
{code
CREATE TABLE "EMAILINGS"
("ATTEMPTS_MADE" NUMBER,
     "DATE_EMAIL_SENT" DATE,
     "DATE_EMAIL_ADDED" DATE
select
A.DATE_EMAIL_ADDED,
A.NUM_EMAIL,
A.EMAIL_TYPE,
A.AVG_TIME_TO_EMAIL,
A.FIRST_ATTEMPT_RATIO,
B.TOT_TXNS,
B.TXN_Success_Rate,
B.TXN_API_Exception_Rate,
B.TXN_System_Exception_Rate,
B.AVG_Duration
FROM
(select TO_DATE(to_char(DATE_EMAIL_ADDED,'MM/DD/YYYY HH24'),'MM/DD/YYYY HH24') DATE_EMAIL_ADDED,
w.email_type EMAIL_TYPE,
count(*) NUM_EMAIL,
avg((DATE_EMAIL_SENT - DATE_EMAIL_ADDED) * 1440) AVG_TIME_TO_EMAIL,
sum(case when ATTEMPTS_MADE = 1 then 1 else 0 end) / count(*) first_attempt_ratio
from EMAILINGS W
where DATE_EMAIL_ADDED >= to_date('&date','MM/DD/YYYY')
group by TO_DATE(to_char(DATE_EMAIL_ADDED,'MM/DD/YYYY HH24'),'MM/DD/YYYY HH24')
,w.email_type
) A,
(select
Start_Date,
count(*) TOT_TXNS,
sum(case when TRANS_STATUS = '000' then 1 else 0 end) / count(*) TXN_Success_Rate,
sum(case when TRANS_STATUS = '997' then 1 else 0 end) / count(*) TXN_API_Exception_Rate,
sum(case when TRANS_STATUS = '999' then 1 else 0 end) / count(*) TXN_System_Exception_Rate,
avg(elapsed_seconds) AVG_Duration
from (
select
to_date(to_char(Start_Time, 'MM/DD/YYYY HH24'),'MM/DD/YYYY HH24') Start_Date,
TRANS_STATUS,
trunc(to_number(substr((a.End_Time-a.Start_Time),1,instr(a.End_Time-a.Start_Time,' ')))) *86400 +
substr((a.End_Time-a.Start_Time),instr((a.End_Time-a.Start_Time),' ')+1,2)*3600 +
substr((a.End_Time-a.Start_Time),instr((a.End_Time-a.Start_Time),' ')+4,2)*60 +
substr((a.End_Time-a.Start_Time),instr((a.End_Time-a.Start_Time),' ')+7,2) +
substr((a.End_Time-a.Start_Time),instr((a.End_Time-a.Start_Time),' ')+10,6)*0.000001 elapsed_seconds
from TRANS_DTL a
where
TRANS_TYPE = 'ESP'
and Start_Time >= to_date('&date','MM/DD/YYYY')
and end_time is not NULL
group by Start_Date) B
where A.DATE_EMAIL_ADDED = B.START_DATE
order by B.START_DATE;
DATE_EMAIL_ADDED NUM_EMAIL EMAIL_TYPE AVG_TIME_TO_EMAIL FIRST_ATTEMPT_RATIO TOT_TXNS TXN_SUCCESS_RATE TXN_API_EXCEPTION_RATE TXN_SYSTEM_EXCEPTION_RATE AVG_DURATION(sec)
1/10/2011          116               WE          5.59               99.14               127               89.76%          10.24%               0.00%                    9.31
code}

Nicosa wrote:
No, it uses curly brackets, like that {noformat}{noformat}.No, it can be both. either {noformat}{noformat} before and after the code OR {noformat}[code]{noformat} before and {noformat}[/code]{noformat} after.                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

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    (ADDRESS = (PROTOCOL = IPC)(KEY = EXTPROC))
    (CONNECT_DATA =
    (SID = PLSExtProc)
    (PRESENTATION = RO)
    Here is the new problem!
    I start the dbconsole using the folowing command:
    [oracle@attila bin]$ ./emctl start dbconsole
    TZ set to US/Eastern
    Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Database Control Release 10.1.0.2.0
    Copyright (c) 1996, 2004 Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
    http://attila.n3kje.net:5500/em/console/aboutApplication
    Starting Oracle Enterprise Manager 10g Database Control ........................
    ... started.
    Logs are generated in directory /u01/app/oracle/product/10.1.0/db_1/attila.n3kje
    .net_DEV10G/sysman/log
    When I try and access it from the client I get the following error message:
    "The database status is currently unavailable. It is possible that the database is in mount or nomount state. Click 'Startup' to obtain the current status and open the database. If the database cannot be opened, click 'Perform Recovery' to perform an appropriate recovery operation."
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    Thanks
    Renato

  • Oracle 10g R2 Enterprise Manager Web Interface doesn't see the database

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    2005-10-18 06:48:53,340 [Orion Launcher] ERROR app.ContextInitializer contextInitialized.271 - Integration Class not found: oracle.sysman.eml.ssl.intg.SSLIntegration
    2005-10-18 06:48:53,530 [Orion Launcher] ERROR app.ContextInitializer contextInitialized.271 - Integration Class not found: oracle.tip.oem.central.domain.ProcessConnectDomainIntg
    2005-10-18 06:48:53,561 [Orion Launcher] ERROR app.ContextInitializer contextInitialized.271 - Integration Class not found: oracle.tip.oem.central.instance.ProcessConnectInstanceIntg
    2005-10-18 06:48:53,561 [Orion Launcher] ERROR app.ContextInitializer contextInitialized.271 - Integration Class not found: oracle.webdb.admin.em.PortalIntegration
    2005-10-18 06:48:53,601 [Orion Launcher] ERROR app.ContextInitializer contextInitialized.271 - Integration Class not found: oracle.webdb.admin.em.SSOIntegration
    2005-10-18 06:48:53,611 [Orion Launcher] ERROR app.ContextInitializer contextInitialized.271 - Integration Class not found: oracle.reports.em.RepIntg
    2005-10-18 06:48:53,611 [Orion Launcher] ERROR app.ContextInitializer contextInitialized.271 - Integration Class not found: oracle.sysman.ocs.mntr.target.OcsEmailIntegration
    2005-10-18 06:48:53,611 [Orion Launcher] ERROR app.ContextInitializer contextInitialized.271 - Integration Class not found: oracle.sysman.ocs.mntr.target.OcsOidIntegration
    2005-10-18 06:48:53,611 [Orion Launcher] ERROR app.ContextInitializer contextInitialized.271 - Integration Class not found: oracle.sysman.ocs.mntr.target.OcsOvfIntegration
    2005-10-18 06:48:53,611 [Orion Launcher] ERROR app.ContextInitializer contextInitialized.271 - Integration Class not found: oracle.sysman.ocs.mntr.target.OcsWebconfIntegration
    2005-10-18 06:48:53,641 [Orion Launcher] ERROR app.ContextInitializer contextInitialized.271 - Integration Class not found: oracle.sysman.ocs.mntr.target.OcsWirelessIntg
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    2005-10-18 07:01:27,130 [MetricCollector:HOMETAB_THREAD600:60] ERROR rt.DbMetricCollectorTarget _getAllData.328 - oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
    oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest_(EMDClient.java:1319)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest(EMDClient.java:1212)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getMetrics(EMDClient.java:637)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab._getAllData(DbHomeTab.java:324)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab.getData(DbHomeTab.java:139)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCached.collectCachedData(MetricCached.java:402)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread._collectCachedData(MetricCollectorThread.java:596)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread.run(MetricCollectorThread.java:320)
         at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:534)
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    oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest_(EMDClient.java:1319)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest(EMDClient.java:1212)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getMetrics(EMDClient.java:637)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab._getAllData(DbHomeTab.java:324)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab.getData(DbHomeTab.java:139)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCached.collectCachedData(MetricCached.java:402)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread._collectCachedData(MetricCollectorThread.java:596)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread.run(MetricCollectorThread.java:320)
         at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:534)
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    oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest_(EMDClient.java:1319)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest(EMDClient.java:1212)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getMetrics(EMDClient.java:637)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab._getAllData(DbHomeTab.java:324)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab.getData(DbHomeTab.java:139)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCached.collectCachedData(MetricCached.java:402)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread._collectCachedData(MetricCollectorThread.java:596)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread.run(MetricCollectorThread.java:320)
         at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:534)
    2005-10-18 07:02:26,992 [MetricCollector:HOMETAB_THREAD600:60] ERROR rt.DbMetricCollectorTarget _getAllData.328 - oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
    oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest_(EMDClient.java:1319)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest(EMDClient.java:1212)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getMetrics(EMDClient.java:637)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab._getAllData(DbHomeTab.java:324)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab.getData(DbHomeTab.java:139)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCached.collectCachedData(MetricCached.java:402)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread._collectCachedData(MetricCollectorThread.java:596)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread.run(MetricCollectorThread.java:320)
         at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:534)
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    oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest_(EMDClient.java:1319)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest(EMDClient.java:1212)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getMetrics(EMDClient.java:637)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab._getAllData(DbHomeTab.java:324)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab.getData(DbHomeTab.java:139)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCached.collectCachedData(MetricCached.java:402)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread._collectCachedData(MetricCollectorThread.java:596)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread.run(MetricCollectorThread.java:320)
         at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:534)
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    oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest_(EMDClient.java:1319)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest(EMDClient.java:1212)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getMetrics(EMDClient.java:637)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab._getAllData(DbHomeTab.java:324)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab.getData(DbHomeTab.java:139)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCached.collectCachedData(MetricCached.java:402)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread._collectCachedData(MetricCollectorThread.java:596)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread.run(MetricCollectorThread.java:320)
         at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:534)
    2005-10-18 07:04:26,976 [MetricCollector:HOMETAB_THREAD600:60] ERROR rt.DbMetricCollectorTarget _getAllData.328 - oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
    oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest_(EMDClient.java:1319)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest(EMDClient.java:1212)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getMetrics(EMDClient.java:637)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab._getAllData(DbHomeTab.java:324)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab.getData(DbHomeTab.java:139)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCached.collectCachedData(MetricCached.java:402)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread._collectCachedData(MetricCollectorThread.java:596)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread.run(MetricCollectorThread.java:320)
         at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:534)
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    oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest_(EMDClient.java:1319)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest(EMDClient.java:1212)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getMetrics(EMDClient.java:637)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab._getAllData(DbHomeTab.java:324)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab.getData(DbHomeTab.java:139)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCached.collectCachedData(MetricCached.java:402)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread._collectCachedData(MetricCollectorThread.java:596)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread.run(MetricCollectorThread.java:320)
         at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:534)
    2005-10-18 07:05:26,978 [MetricCollector:HOMETAB_THREAD600:60] ERROR rt.DbMetricCollectorTarget _getAllData.328 - oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
    oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest_(EMDClient.java:1319)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest(EMDClient.java:1212)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getMetrics(EMDClient.java:637)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab._getAllData(DbHomeTab.java:324)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab.getData(DbHomeTab.java:139)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCached.collectCachedData(MetricCached.java:402)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread._collectCachedData(MetricCollectorThread.java:596)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread.run(MetricCollectorThread.java:320)
         at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:534)
    2005-10-18 07:05:26,988 [MetricCollector:HOMETAB_THREAD600:60] ERROR rt.DbMetricCollectorTarget _getAllData.328 - oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
    oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest_(EMDClient.java:1319)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest(EMDClient.java:1212)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getMetrics(EMDClient.java:637)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab._getAllData(DbHomeTab.java:324)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab.getData(DbHomeTab.java:139)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCached.collectCachedData(MetricCached.java:402)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread._collectCachedData(MetricCollectorThread.java:596)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread.run(MetricCollectorThread.java:320)
         at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:534)
    2005-10-18 07:06:26,980 [MetricCollector:HOMETAB_THREAD600:60] ERROR rt.DbMetricCollectorTarget _getAllData.328 - oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
    oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest_(EMDClient.java:1319)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest(EMDClient.java:1212)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getMetrics(EMDClient.java:637)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab._getAllData(DbHomeTab.java:324)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab.getData(DbHomeTab.java:139)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCached.collectCachedData(MetricCached.java:402)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread._collectCachedData(MetricCollectorThread.java:596)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread.run(MetricCollectorThread.java:320)
         at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:534)
    2005-10-18 07:06:26,990 [MetricCollector:HOMETAB_THREAD600:60] ERROR rt.DbMetricCollectorTarget _getAllData.328 - oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
    oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.CommException: Exception in sending Request :: null
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest_(EMDClient.java:1319)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getResponseForRequest(EMDClient.java:1212)
         at oracle.sysman.emSDK.emd.comm.EMDClient.getMetrics(EMDClient.java:637)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab._getAllData(DbHomeTab.java:324)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.rt.DbHomeTab.getData(DbHomeTab.java:139)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCached.collectCachedData(MetricCached.java:402)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread._collectCachedData(MetricCollectorThread.java:596)
         at oracle.sysman.emo.perf.metric.eng.MetricCollectorThread.run(MetricCollectorThread.java:320)
         at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:534)
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    2005-10-18 10:15:55,570 [HealthMonitor] ERROR emd.main restart.389 - HealthMonitor 18-Oct-2005 10:15:55 CacheManager error: CacheManager thread timed out.

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    Hi.,
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  • Oracle 10g performance issue

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    Hi darren
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  • Requesting help with pivot in Oracle 10g

    Hey all,
    I have this table, let's call it table GRID that has the following columns:
    OBJECT_KEY             DATE_KEY               SEGMENT_ID             COLUMN_NAME COMMITTEDVIRTUALMEMORYSIZE_AVG
    619                    3371                   1                      M1100       593589862.4                   
    619                    3371                   1                      M1105       593611434.67                  
    620                    3371                   1                      M1100       592354508.8                   
    620                    3371                   1                      M1105       592376263.11                  
    621                    3371                   1                      M1100       731433369.6                   
    621                    3371                   1                      M1105       731455943.11What would it take to pivot the column names ('M1100', 'M1105') with the metric value volumn: 'COMMITTEDVIRTUALMEMORYSIZE_AVG' so much that this query would result in an output like this:
    OBJECT_KEY             DATE_KEY               SEGMENT_ID             M1100          M1105
    619                    3371                   1                      593589862.4     593611434.67                          
    620                    3371                   1                      592354508.8     592376263.11                          
    621                    3371                   1                      731433369.6     731455943.11Any help would be much appreciated!
    Again, Oracle 10g, not 11g so I don't have the PIVOT function to work with.
    Regards,
    TimS

    Hi,
    Search for Pivot:, or see the example below, for how to do a basic pivot. (This was called "pivot" long before Oracle 11.)
    The example below uses COUNT as the aggregate function; you'll probably wnat SUM instead.
    If you don't know how many pivoted columns there will be (two, in the example you posted), or what their unique values are ('M1100' and 'M1105') ahead of time, then you will need dynamic SQL. As dynamic SQL goes, this is pretty easy; you can do it in either SQL*Plus or PL/SQL.
    --     How to Pivot a Result Set (Display Rows as Columns)
    --     For Oracle 10, and earlier
    --     Actually, this works in any version of Oracle, but the
    --     "SELECT ... PIVOT" feature introduced in Oracle 11
    --     is better.  (See Query 2, below.)
    --     This example uses the scott.emp table.
    --     Given a query that produces three rows for every department,
    --     how can we show the same data in a query that has one row
    --     per department, and three separate columns?
    --     For example, the query below counts the number of employess
    --     in each departent that have one of three given jobs:
    PROMPT     ==========  0. Simple COUNT ... GROUP BY  ==========
    SELECT     deptno
    ,     job
    ,     COUNT (*)     AS cnt
    FROM     scott.emp
    WHERE     job     IN ('ANALYST', 'CLERK', 'MANAGER')
    GROUP BY     deptno
    ,          job;
    Output:
        DEPTNO JOB              CNT
            20 CLERK              2
            20 MANAGER            1
            30 CLERK              1
            30 MANAGER            1
            10 CLERK              1
            10 MANAGER            1
            20 ANALYST            2
    PROMPT     ==========  1. Pivot  ==========
    SELECT     deptno
    ,     COUNT (CASE WHEN job = 'ANALYST' THEN 1 END)     AS analyst_cnt
    ,     COUNT (CASE WHEN job = 'CLERK'   THEN 1 END)     AS clerk_cnt
    ,     COUNT (CASE WHEN job = 'MANAGER' THEN 1 END)     AS manager_cnt
    FROM     scott.emp
    WHERE     job     IN ('ANALYST', 'CLERK', 'MANAGER')
    GROUP BY     deptno;
    --     Output:
        DEPTNO ANALYST_CNT  CLERK_CNT MANAGER_CNT
            30           0          1           1
            20           2          2           1
            10           0          1           1
    --     Explanation
    (1) Decide what you want the output to look like.
         (E.g. "I want a row for each department,
         and columns for deptno, analyst_cnt, clerk_cnt and manager_cnt)
    (2) Get a result set where every row identifies which row
         and which column of the output will be affected.
         In the example above, deptno identifies the row, and
         job identifies the column.
         Both deptno and job happened to be in the original table.
         That is not always the case; sometimes you have to
         compute new columns based on the original data.
    (3) Use aggregate functions and CASE (or DECODE) to produce
         the pivoted columns. 
         The CASE statement will pick
         only the rows of raw data that belong in the column.
         If each cell in the output corresponds to (at most)
         one row of input, then you can use MIN or MAX as the
         aggregate function.
         If many rows of input can be reflected in a single cell
         of output, then use SUM, COUNT, AVG, STRAGG, or some other
         aggregate function.
         GROUP BY the column that identifies rows.
    PROMPT     ==========  2. Oracle 11 PIVOT  ==========
    WITH     e     AS
    (     -- Begin sub-query e to SELECT columns for PIVOT
         SELECT     deptno
         ,     job
         FROM     scott.emp
    )     -- End sub-query e to SELECT columns for PIVOT
    SELECT     *
    FROM     e
    PIVOT     (     COUNT (*)
              FOR     job     IN     ( 'ANALYST'     AS analyst
                             , 'CLERK'     AS clerk
                             , 'MANAGER'     AS manager
    NOTES ON ORACLE 11 PIVOT:
    (1) You must use a sub-query to select the raw columns.
    An in-line view (not shown) is an example of a sub-query.
    (2) GROUP BY is implied for all columns not in the PIVOT clause.
    (3) Column aliases are optional. 
    If "AS analyst" is omitted above, the column will be called 'ANALYST' (single-quotes included).
    {code}                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   

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