SQL command date parameters breaking SQL code

Hello,
I have an SQL statement that executes without error against Oracle 10g.  I've created a command in Crystal Reports 2008 for it.  It uses a date range.  When I parametrize the date range, and select 'Date' as my value type for the parameter, it breaks the SQL with the following error:
"Failed to retrieve data from the database.
Details: ORA-00907: missing right parenthesis
[Database Vendor Code: 907]"
Here is a sample SQL statement that breaks:
SELECT *
FROM gift g
WHERE g.gift_date_of_record BETWEEN to_date ('{?GiftDateStart}', 'mm/dd/yyyy')
  AND to_date ('{?GiftDateEnd}', 'mm/dd/yyyy')
Has anyone else experienced this problem or know a work-around?
Thanks in advance!

Hi,
Do it like this
SELECT *
FROM gift g
WHERE g.gift_date_of_record BETWEEN to_date ('{?GiftDateStart}', 'dd/mm/yyyy')
AND to_date ('{?GiftDateEnd}', 'dd/mm/yyyy')
I hope this will help you.
Regards,
Misra P

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                        UTL_FILE.FFLUSH(vFtype);
                        vText := '';
                   ELSIF vRowcnt = vRem THEN
                        vText := vText||pText(vCnt)||'\n';
                        UTL_FILE.PUTF(vFtype,vText);
                        UTL_FILE.FFLUSH(vFtype);
                   ELSE
                        vText := vText||pText(vCnt)||'\n';
                   END IF;
                   vCnt := pText.NEXT(vCnt);
              END LOOP;
              UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(vFtype);
         EXCEPTION
              WHEN OTHERS THEN
                   dbms_output.put_line('ERROR...ERROR...SYSTEM_UTIL.WRITE_FILE');
                   UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(vFtype);
                   RAISE;
         END writeFile;
         PROCEDURE appendFile(pName IN VARCHAR2, pText IN DBMS_SQL.VARCHAR2S, pRows IN PLS_INTEGER)
         IS
              vFtype utl_file.file_type;
              vText VARCHAR2(2000);
              vCnt BINARY_INTEGER;
              vRem BINARY_INTEGER;
              vMode VARCHAR2(2) := 'a';
              vRowcnt PLS_INTEGER := 0;
         BEGIN
              vRem := MOD(pText.COUNT, pRows);
              vFtype := UTL_FILE.FOPEN(vDir, pName, vMode);
              vCnt := pText.FIRST;
              LOOP
                   EXIT WHEN vCnt IS NULL;
                   vRowcnt := vRowcnt + 1;
                   IF vCnt = pText.LAST THEN
                        vText := vText||pText(vCnt);
                        UTL_FILE.PUTF(vFtype,vText);
                        UTL_FILE.FFLUSH(vFtype);
                        vText := '';
                   ELSIF MOD(vCnt, pRows) = 0 THEN
                        vText := vText||pText(vCnt)||'\n';
                        UTL_FILE.PUTF(vFtype,vText);
                        UTL_FILE.FFLUSH(vFtype);
                        vText := '';
                   ELSIF vRowcnt = vRem THEN
                        vText := vText||pText(vCnt)||'\n';
                        UTL_FILE.PUTF(vFtype,vText);
                        UTL_FILE.FFLUSH(vFtype);
                   ELSE
                        vText := vText||pText(vCnt)||'\n';
                   END IF;
                   vCnt := pText.NEXT(vCnt);
              END LOOP;
                   UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(vFtype);
         EXCEPTION
              WHEN UTL_FILE.INVALID_OPERATION THEN
                   IF vMode = 'a' THEN
                        writeFile(pName, pText, pRows);
                   ELSE
                        RAISE;
              END IF;
         WHEN OTHERS THEN
              dbms_output.put_line('ERROR...ERROR...SYSTEM_UTIL.APPENDFILE');
              UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(vFtype);
              RAISE;
         END appendFile;
         PROCEDURE appendFile(pName IN VARCHAR2, pText IN VARCHAR2)
         IS
              vFtype utl_file.file_type;
              vMode VARCHAR2(2) := 'a';
         BEGIN
              vFtype := UTL_FILE.FOPEN(vDir, pName, vMode);
              UTL_FILE.PUTF(vFtype, pText);
              UTL_FILE.FFLUSH(vFtype);
              UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(vFtype);
         EXCEPTION
         WHEN UTL_FILE.INVALID_OPERATION THEN
         IF vMode = 'a' THEN
              writeFile(pName, pText);
         ELSE
              RAISE;
         END IF;
         WHEN OTHERS THEN
              dbms_output.put_line('ERROR...ERROR...SYSTEM_UTIL.APPENDFILE');
              UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(vftype);
              RAISE;
         END appendFile;
         PROCEDURE clearFile(pName IN VARCHAR2)
         IS
              vFtype utl_file.file_type;
              vText VARCHAR2(2000);
              vCnt BINARY_INTEGER;
              vRem BINARY_INTEGER;
              vRowcnt PLS_INTEGER := 0;
         BEGIN
              vFtype := UTL_FILE.FOPEN(vDir, pName, 'w');
              UTL_FILE.PUTF(vFtype,'');
              UTL_FILE.FFLUSH(vFtype);
              UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(vFtype);
         EXCEPTION
         WHEN OTHERS THEN
         dbms_output.put_line('ERROR...ERROR...System_Util.CLEARFILE');
         UTL_FILE.FCLOSE(vFtype);
         RAISE;
         END clearFile;
         PROCEDURE checkSyntax(pSql IN VARCHAR2)
         IS
         sqlCur PLS_INTEGER := DBMS_SQL.OPEN_CURSOR;
         errPos PLS_INTEGER;
         sqlStmt VARCHAR2(2000);
         BEGIN
              sqlStmt := pSql;
              DBMS_SQL.PARSE(sqlCur, sqlStmt, DBMS_SQL.NATIVE);
         EXCEPTION
              WHEN OTHERS THEN
                   errPos := DBMS_SQL.LAST_ERROR_POSITION;
                   DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(SQLERRM);
                   DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(sqlStmt);
                   DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(' ');
                   DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(LPAD('^', errPos, '-'));
                   DBMS_SQL.CLOSE_CURSOR(sqlCur);
         END checkSyntax;
         FUNCTION isEmpty(pValue IN VARCHAR2) RETURN BOOLEAN
         IS
         BEGIN
              IF pValue IS NULL OR pValue = '' OR pValue = ' ' THEN
                   RETURN TRUE;
              ELSE
                   RETURN FALSE;
              END IF;
         END isEmpty;
         FUNCTION getTimeInMins (pDate IN DATE) RETURN NUMBER
         IS
              vHours NUMBER;
              vMins NUMBER;
              vRetval PLS_INTEGER;
         BEGIN
              vHours := TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(pDate,'HH24'));
              vMins := TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(pDate,'MI'));
              vRetval := ((60 * vHours) + vMins);
              RETURN vRetval;
         EXCEPTION
              WHEN OTHERS THEN
                   RAISE;
         END getTimeInMins;
         PROCEDURE getTimeInMins (pDate IN DATE)
         IS
              vHours NUMBER;
              vMins NUMBER;
              vRetval PLS_INTEGER;
         BEGIN
              vHours := TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(pDate,'HH24'));
              vMins := TO_NUMBER(TO_CHAR(pDate,'MI'));
              vRetval := ((60 * vHours) + vMins);
              DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE('The time IN minutes IS: '||vRetval);
         EXCEPTION
              WHEN OTHERS THEN
                   RAISE;
         END getTimeInMins;
         FUNCTION incDate(pInc IN NUMBER DEFAULT .999999, pDate IN DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE) RETURN DATE
         IS
         BEGIN
         RETURN (TO_DATE(TO_CHAR(pDate + pInc, 'DD/MM/YYYY HH24:MI:SS'), 'DD/MM/YYYY HH24:MI:SS'));
         EXCEPTION
              WHEN OTHERS THEN
                   RAISE;
         END incDate;
         FUNCTION decDate(pInc IN NUMBER DEFAULT .999999, pDate IN DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE) RETURN DATE
         IS
         BEGIN
         RETURN (TO_DATE(TO_CHAR(pDate - pInc, 'DD/MM/YYYY HH24:MI:SS'), 'DD/MM/YYYY HH24:MI:SS'));
         EXCEPTION
              WHEN OTHERS THEN
                   RAISE;
         END decDate;
         FUNCTION getTime RETURN NUMBER
         IS
         BEGIN
              RETURN dbms_utility.get_time;
         END getTime;
         FUNCTION daysDiff(pHigh IN DATE, pLow IN DATE) RETURN NUMBER
         IS
              vHighdate DATE;
              vLowdate DATE;
         BEGIN
         IF pHigh > pLow THEN
                   vHighdate := TO_DATE(TO_CHAR(pHigh, 'YYYYMMDD'), 'YYYYMMDD');
                   vLowdate := TO_DATE(TO_CHAR(pLow, 'YYYYMMDD'), 'YYYYMMDD');
         ELSIF pLow > pHigh THEN
                   vHighdate := TO_DATE(TO_CHAR(pLow, 'YYYYMMDD'), 'YYYYMMDD');
                   vLowdate := TO_DATE(TO_CHAR(pHigh, 'YYYYMMDD'), 'YYYYMMDD');
         END IF;
              RETURN (vHighdate - vLowdate);
         EXCEPTION
              WHEN OTHERS THEN
                   RAISE;
         END daysDiff;
         PROCEDURE dateCheck(pDateFrom IN OUT DATE, pDateTo IN OUT DATE)
         IS
              /* Declare the variable to hold the "from" date */
              vDateFrom DATE;
         BEGIN
              /* If either date_from or date_to is null then set to todays date **
              ** using the sysdate **
              ** today's DATE AND IN the correct format */
              pDateFrom := NVL(pDateFrom, SYSDATE);
              pDateTo := NVL(pDateTo, SYSDATE);
              /* Check that the from date is not greater than the to date if so **
              ** use the system_util.incDate to Increment the date by 1 day */
              IF (pDateFrom > pDateTo) THEN
              vDateFrom := pDateFrom;
              pDateTo := System_Util.incDate(1, vDateFrom);
              END IF;
         EXCEPTION
              WHEN OTHERS THEN
              RAISE;
         END;
         /* calculates the difference of two numbers always taken the high from the low*/
         FUNCTION difference(pAnum IN NUMBER, pBnum IN NUMBER)RETURN NUMBER
         IS
              vTotal NUMBER;
         BEGIN
              IF (pAnum > pBnum )OR (pAnum = pBnum)THEN
                   vTotal := (pAnum - pBnum);
              ELSIF (pAnum < pBnum) THEN
                   vTotal := (pBnum - pAnum);
              END IF;
              RETURN (vTotal);
         EXCEPTION
              WHEN OTHERS THEN
                   RAISE;
         END difference;
         /* calculates the Total of two numbers*/
         FUNCTION total(pAnum IN NUMBER, pBnum IN NUMBER)RETURN NUMBER
         IS
              vTotal NUMBER;
         BEGIN
              vTotal := (pAnum + pBnum);
         RETURN (vTotal);
         EXCEPTION
              WHEN OTHERS THEN
                   RAISE;
         END total;
         FUNCTION numberToWords(pNumb IN NUMBER) RETURN VARCHAR2
         IS
              vRetval VARCHAR2(255);
              vNumb PLS_INTEGER;
         BEGIN
              vNumb := pNumb;
              vRetval := REPLACE(TO_CHAR(TO_DATE(vNumb,'j'),'jsp'),'-',' ');
              RETURN (vRetval);
         EXCEPTION
              WHEN OTHERS THEN
              RAISE;
         END;
    /*************** Only Available on 8i ********************************\
         FUNCTION Catcherr(pStr IN VARCHAR2) RETURN VARCHAR2
         IS
              LANGUAGE JAVA
              NAME 'catchErr.run(java.lang.String) return String';
         PROCEDURE runShell(pCmnd IN VARCHAR2, pErrMsg IN OUT VARCHAR2)
         IS
         BEGIN
              pErrMsg := Catcherr(pCmnd);
         EXCEPTION
         WHEN OTHERS THEN
              RAISE;
         END runShell;
    BEGIN
    getDir;
    END;

  • Got the following reply from db-kernel: SQL-Code :-903

    Dear Experts,
    I am having a problem running MaxDB Data backup on Netbackup.... Please se log below and suggest.
    2011-04-11 13:30:38
    Using environment variable 'TEMP' with value 'C:\Windows\TEMP' as directory for temporary files and pipes.
    Using connection to Backint for MaxDB Interface.
    2011-04-11 13:30:39
    Checking existence and configuration of Backint for MaxDB.
        Using configuration variable 'BSI_ENV' = 'C:\Netbackup_Script\bsi_backint_daily.env' as path of the configuration file of Backint for MaxDB.
        Setting environment variable 'BSI_ENV' for the path of the configuration file of Backint for MaxDB to configuration value 'C:\Netbackup_Script\bsi_backint_daily.env'.
        Reading the Backint for MaxDB configuration file 'C:\Netbackup_Script\bsi_backint_daily.env'.
            Found keyword 'BACKINT' with value 'D:\sapdb\KGP\db\bin\backint.exe'.
            Found keyword 'INPUT' with value 'E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.input'.
            Found keyword 'OUTPUT' with value 'E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.output'.
            Found keyword 'ERROROUTPUT' with value 'E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.error'.
            Found keyword 'PARAMETERFILE' with value 'C:\Netbackup_Script\backint_parameter_daily.txt'.
        Finished reading of the Backint for MaxDB configuration file.
        Using 'D:\sapdb\KGP\db\bin\backint.exe' as Backint for MaxDB program.
        Using 'E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.input' as input file for Backint for MaxDB.
        Using 'E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.output' as output file for Backint for MaxDB.
        Using 'E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.error' as error output file for Backint for MaxDB.
        Using 'C:\Netbackup_Script\backint_parameter_daily.txt' as parameter file for Backint for MaxDB.
        Using '300' seconds as timeout for Backint for MaxDB in the case of success.
        Using '300' seconds as timeout for Backint for MaxDB in the case of failure.
        Using 'E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\dbm.knl' as backup history of a database to migrate.
        Using 'E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\dbm.ebf' as external backup history of a database to migrate.
        Checking availability of backups using backint's inquire function.
    Check passed successful.
    2011-04-11 13:30:39
    Checking medium.
    Check passed successfully.
    2011-04-11 13:30:39
    Preparing backup.
        The environment variable 'BSI_ENV' has already the value 'C:\Netbackup_Script\bsi_backint_daily.env'.
        Setting environment variable 'BI_CALLER' to value 'DBMSRV'.
        Setting environment variable 'BI_REQUEST' to value 'NEW'.
        Setting environment variable 'BI_BACKUP' to value 'FULL'.
        Constructed Backint for MaxDB call 'D:\sapdb\KGP\db\bin\backint.exe -u KGP -f backup -t file -p C:\Netbackup_Script\backint_parameter_daily.txt -i E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.input -c'.
        Created temporary file 'E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.output' as output for Backint for MaxDB.
        Created temporary file 'E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.error' as error output for Backint for MaxDB.
        Writing 'D:\sapdb\pipe2 #PIPE' to the input file.
    Prepare passed successfully.
    2011-04-11 13:30:39
    Starting database action for the backup.
        Requesting 'SAVE DATA QUICK TO 'D:\sapdb\pipe2' PIPE BLOCKSIZE 8 NO CHECKPOINT MEDIANAME 'BACKDBFULL'' from db-kernel.The database is working on the request.
    2011-04-11 13:30:39
    Waiting until database has prepared the backup.
        Asking for state of database.
        2011-04-11 13:30:39 Database is still preparing the backup.
        Waiting 1 second ... Done.
        Asking for state of database.
        2011-04-11 13:30:41 Database has finished preparation of the backup.
    The database has prepared the backup successfully.
    2011-04-11 13:30:41
    Starting Backint for MaxDB.
        Starting Backint for MaxDB process 'D:\sapdb\KGP\db\bin\backint.exe -u KGP -f backup -t file -p C:\Netbackup_Script\backint_parameter_daily.txt -i E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.input -c >>E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.output 2>>E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.error'.
        Process was started successfully.
    Backint for MaxDB has been started successfully.
    2011-04-11 13:30:41
    Waiting for end of the backup operation.
        2011-04-11 13:30:41 The backup tool is running.
        2011-04-11 13:30:41 The database is working on the request.
        2011-04-11 13:30:43 The database has finished work on the request.
        Receiving a reply from the database kernel.
        Got the following reply from db-kernel:
            SQL-Code              :-903
        2011-04-11 13:30:43 The backup tool is running.
        2011-04-11 13:30:44 The backup tool process has finished work with return code 2.
    The backup operation has ended.
    2011-04-11 13:30:44
    Filling reply buffer.
        Have encountered error -24920:
            The backup tool failed with 2 as sum of exit codes. The database request failed with error -903.
        Constructed the following reply:
            ERR
            -24920,ERR_BACKUPOP: backup operation was unsuccessful
            The backup tool failed with 2 as sum of exit codes. The database request failed with error -903.
    Reply buffer filled.
    2011-04-11 13:30:44
    Cleaning up.
        Copying output of Backint for MaxDB to this file.
    Begin of output of Backint for MaxDB (E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.output)----
            Reading parameter file C:\Netbackup_Script\backint_parameter_daily.txt.
            Using D:\sapdb\KGP\db\bin\backint.exe as Backint for Oracle.
            Using C:\Netbackup_Script\nt_initKGPdaily.utl as parameterfile of Backint for Oracle.
            Using E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backinthistory.log as history file.
            Using E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backintoracle.in as input of Backint for Oracle.
            Using E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backintoracle.out as output of Backint for Oracle.
            Using E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backintoracle.err as error output of Backint for Oracle.
            Using staging area D:\sapdb\Stage1 with a size of 2147483648 bytes.
            Reading input file E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.input.
            Backing up pipe D:\sapdb\pipe2.
            Found 1 entry in the input file.
            Starting the backup.
            Starting pipe2file program(s).
            Waiting for creation of temporary files.
            1 temporary file is available for backup.
            Calling Backint for Oracle at 2011-04-11 13:30:43.
            Calling 'D:\sapdb\KGP\db\bin\backint.exe -u KGP -f backup -t file -p C:\Netbackup_Script\nt_initKGPdaily.utl -i E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backintoracle.in -c' .
            Backint for Oracle ended at 2011-04-11 13:30:43 with return code 2.
            Backint for Oracle output: Reading parameter file C:\Netbackup_Script\nt_initKGPdaily.utl.
            Backint for Oracle output: Using E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint4oracle.in as input of Backint for Oracle.
            Backint for Oracle output: Using E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint4oracle.out as output of Backint for Oracle.
            Backint for Oracle output: Using E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint4oracle.err as error output of Backint for Oracle.
            Backint for Oracle output: Using staging area D:\sapdb\Stage1 with a size of 2147483648 bytes.
            Backint for Oracle output: Using E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backinthistory.log as history file.
            Backint for Oracle output: Using D:\sapdb\KGP\db\bin\backint.exe as Backint for Oracle.
            Backint for Oracle output:
            Backint for Oracle output: Reading input file E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backintoracle.in.
            Backint for Oracle output: Backing up file D:\sapdb\Stage1.0.
            Backint for Oracle output: Found 1 entry in the input file.
            Backint for Oracle output:
            Backint for Oracle output: Starting the backup.
            Backint for Oracle output: Starting pipe2file program(s).
            Backint for Oracle output:
            Backint for Oracle output: Calling Backint for Oracle at 2011-04-11 13:30:43.
            Backint for Oracle output: Calling 'D:\sapdb\KGP\db\bin\backint.exe -u KGP -f backup -t file -i E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint4oracle.in -c' .
            Backint for Oracle output: Backint for Oracle ended at 2011-04-11 13:30:43 with return code 2.
            Backint for Oracle output: Backint for Oracle output: Reading parameter file .
            Backint for Oracle output: Backint for Oracle output:
            Backint for Oracle output: Backint for Oracle output:
            Backint for Oracle output: Backint for Oracle error output: No staging area is defined in the parameter file.
            Backint for Oracle output: Backint for Oracle error output: The path of Backint for Oracle is not defined in the parameter file.
            Backint for Oracle output: Backint for Oracle error output: The name of the history file is not defined in the parameter file.
            Backint for Oracle output: Backint for Oracle error output: The name of the input file of Backint for Oracle is not defined in the parameter file.
            Backint for Oracle output: Backint for Oracle error output: The name of the output file of Backint for Oracle is not defined in the parameter file.
            Backint for Oracle output: Backint for Oracle error output: The name of the error output file of Backint for Oracle is not defined in the parameter file.
            Backint for Oracle output: Backint for Oracle error output:
            Backint for Oracle output:
            Backint for Oracle output: Finished the backup unsuccessfully.
            Backint for Oracle output:
            Backint for Oracle output: #ERROR D:\sapdb\Stage1.0
            Backint for Oracle output:
            Backint for Oracle error output: Backint for Oracle was unsuccessful.
            Backint for Oracle error output:
            Finished the backup unsuccessfully.
            #ERROR D:\sapdb\pipe2
    End of output of Backint for MaxDB (E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.output)----
        Removed Backint for MaxDB's temporary output file 'E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.output'.
        Copying error output of Backint for MaxDB to this file.
    Begin of error output of Backint for MaxDB (E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.error)----
            Backint for Oracle was unsuccessful.
    End of error output of Backint for MaxDB (E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.error)----
        Removed Backint for MaxDB's temporary error output file 'E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.error'.
        Removed the Backint for MaxDB input file 'E:\sapdb\data\wrk\KGP\backint.input'.
    Have finished clean up successfully.

    >     Requesting 'SAVE DATA QUICK TO 'D:\sapdb\pipe2' PIPE BLOCKSIZE 8 NO CHECKPOINT MEDIANAME 'BACKDBFULL'' from db-kernel.The database is working on the request.
    This seems to be your problem, the pipe is wrongly defined. On Windows it looks like
    \\.\pipe1
    see
    http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/aa365783.aspx
    Markus

  • PL/SQL code written in db or in application...????

    Hi ,
    Which is the best...at performance , maintability... e.t.c.???
    To write PL/SQL as validation process of data values going to be inserted in db:
    1) as db trigger (before insert or update row-level trigger)
    2) in application level - in Forms10g...
    This PL/SQL code compares some pairs of data values only.... there DML statement....
    Both db server and App server are considered to be or in the same machine or in two machines very close to each other...
    Note: i use Db10g .
    Thanks...
    Sim

    It is all about moving parts. How many there are. Where they are located.
    The less moving parts, the less the complexity, the bugs - and the better the performance (less wheels to turn to crunch data), the easier the maintenance and the better the flexibility.
    Part of this is having the moving parts close to the data. Kind of obvious - what is faster? Shipping data from the db engine to a front-end application via a app server and web server? Or shipping the data from the db (SQL) engine to a PL/SQL process running as part and parcel of db instance? IPC is significantly faster than TCP/IP.
    Having the moving parts close to the data also means that it can scale with the data. Oracle is good at scalability. It is designed at its very core to be scalable. Partitions to reduce I/O. Shared Server to reduce o/s resource footprint per client session. Shared pool to re-use SQL. DB buffer to cache data. RAC to run multiple db instances for a single physical database. Etc. Etc.
    With the application moving parts being close to the data, it inherits this scalability. You can "multi-thread" application code using table pipelines. You have access to forking application code using background processes (DBMS_JOB and DBMS_SCHEDULER). You have bulk processing in order to transfer more data per SQL engine call, between the buffer cache and your application, and thus also reduce expensive context switching.
    This list goes on and on.
    All this is summarised into the following rules.
    Rule 1. Do it in SQL.
    Rule 2. Only when SQL cannot do it, use PL/SQL. (e.g. SQL is not suited for managing and controlling process flow - PL/SQL is)
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