Unable to open certain apps (but WILL open using 'Show Package Contents' trick)

Question

I have a number of apps lately that I've tried to install, but when I first click on them to use, they simply bounce on the dock for a minute or so, then quit out.
None of the apps are related, most are very minor, but the most familiar to everyone would be Google Chrome. After doing some searching of my own, I've been able to determine that the only way to open any of these apps is to right click on the app, go to 'Show Package Contents', 'Contents', 'MacOS', then double click on the 'Unix Executable File' (for this example 'Google Chrome'). They all work just fine if opened this way, but after closing any of them and then trying to open them again using the good 'ol double click, they just go back to bouncing on the dock and then quitting. I tried booting into 'Safe' mode, and after doing this the apps seem to open up just fine. So obvioulsy something is interfering with a select few apps on my system from working. I'm wondering if there is some simple command in Terminal I should be using that would easily clear up this issue (I've already tried a few of these that I've seen on other help sites, but don't remember them now unfortunately).  I appreciate everyones help in advance! Thank you!!!

Answer 1

For what it's worth, I've included a portion of the Consoles' error log when I try to open up Chrome:
Process:         Google Chrome [2991]
Path:            /Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome
Identifier:      com.google.Chrome
Version:         31.0.1650.63 (1650.63)
Code Type:       X86 (Native)
Parent Process:  launchd [243]
User ID:         503
Date/Time:       2013-12-18 03:05:43.821 -0500
OS Version:      Mac OS X 10.8.5 (12F45)
Report Version:  10
Crashed Thread:  0  Dispatch queue: com.apple.main-thread
Exception Type:  EXC_BAD_ACCESS (SIGBUS)
Exception Codes: KERN_PROTECTION_FAILURE at 0x0000000000000038
VM Regions Near 0x38:
--> __PAGEZERO             0000000000000000-0000000000001000 [    4K] ---/--- SM=NUL  /Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome
    VM_ALLOCATE            0000000000001000-00000000000ea000 [  932K] ---/--- SM=NUL 
Thread 0 Crashed:: Dispatch queue: com.apple.main-thread
0   dyld                              0x8feecc9b dyld::registerAddCallback(void (*)(mach_header const*, long)) + 406
1   libdyld.dylib                     0x92909893 _dyld_register_func_for_add_image + 73
2   libignitor.dylib                  0x000eee76 initializer + 27
3   dyld                              0x8fefccda ImageLoaderMachO::doModInitFunctions(ImageLoader::LinkContext const&) + 230
4   dyld                              0x8fefcfde ImageLoaderMachO::doInitialization(ImageLoader::LinkContext const&) + 64
5   dyld                              0x8fef9268 ImageLoader::recursiveInitialization(ImageLoader::LinkContext const&, unsigned int, ImageLoader::InitializerTimingList&) + 356
6   dyld                              0x8fef90ba ImageLoader::runInitializers(ImageLoader::LinkContext const&, ImageLoader::InitializerTimingList&) + 62
7   dyld                              0x8feeadd9 dyld::initializeMainExecutable() + 167
8   dyld                              0x8feeeadb dyld::_main(macho_header const*, unsigned long, int, char const**, char const**, char const**, unsigned long*) + 3050
9   dyld                              0x8feea376 dyldbootstrap::start(macho_header const*, int, char const**, long, macho_header const*, unsigned long*) + 704
10  dyld                              0x8feea077 _dyld_start + 71
Thread 0 crashed with X86 Thread State (32-bit):
  eax: 0x7b117f24  ebx: 0x8ff1fc10  ecx: 0x0000000a  edx: 0x00000000
  edi: 0x00000000  esi: 0x04b97000  ebp: 0xbff15998  esp: 0xbff15960
   ss: 0x00000023  efl: 0x00010a12  eip: 0x8feecc9b   cs: 0x0000001b
   ds: 0x00000023   es: 0x00000023   fs: 0x00000000   gs: 0x0000000f
  cr2: 0x00000038
Logical CPU: 10
Binary Images:
   0xea000 -    0xeaff3 +com.google.Chrome (31.0.1650.63 - 1650.63) <0C942918-8EA6-3896-A6AB-14EBB75B3A3E> /Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/MacOS/Google Chrome
   0xee000 -    0xeeffc  libignitor.dylib (0) <D44794BF-7C8D-3E25-917F-94F8696BD79E> /usr/lib/libignitor.dylib
   0xf1000 -  0x4692fb3 +com.google.Chrome.framework (31.0.1650.63 - 1650.63) <211EED7E-9618-3352-8517-6A86B2D76E27> /Applications/Google Chrome.app/Contents/Versions/31.0.1650.63/Google Chrome Framework.framework/Google Chrome Framework
0x49dc000 -  0x4a24ffb  com.apple.audio.midi.CoreMIDI (1.9 - 78) <7AAE4076-36FA-37C1-9EAE-344F1C8F14D9> /System/Library/Frameworks/CoreMIDI.framework/Versions/A/CoreMIDI
0x4a4c000 -  0x4af4ff7  com.apple.Bluetooth (4.1.7 - 4.1.7f2) <DBDFFB50-8B1F-3FB6-99A9-1E7EC203B8CD> /System/Library/Frameworks/IOBluetooth.framework/Versions/A/IOBluetooth
0x4b46000 -  0x4b5cffc  libexpat.1.dylib (12) <D4F1FD2B-F75A-322C-843E-113EF5F8EEAF> /usr/lib/libexpat.1.dylib
0x4b68000 -  0x4b72fff  com.apple.CoreBluetooth (100.9 - 1) <98991C3C-2087-38CB-85A0-7F32C5F58EA6> /System/Library/Frameworks/IOBluetooth.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/CoreBlue tooth.framework/Versions/A/CoreBluetooth
0x4b97000 -  0x4b98ffd  libenter.dylib (0) <4082C283-0428-3CF2-8F62-8C6D904C93E6> /usr/lib/libenter.dylib
0x8fee9000 - 0x8ff1be57  dyld (210.2.3) <23DBDBB1-1D21-342C-AC2A-0E55F27E6A1F> /usr/lib/dyld
0x90031000 - 0x9004fff3  com.apple.openscripting (1.3.6 - 148.3) <F3422C02-5ACB-343A-987B-A2D58EA2F5A8> /System/Library/Frameworks/Carbon.framework/Versions/A/Frameworks/OpenScripting .framework/Versions/A/OpenScripting
0x90088000 - 0x900caff7  libcups.2.dylib (327.7) <6FAC537D-7EC3-3E82-B6E8-F87DE07546B5> /usr/lib/libcups.2.dylib
0x900cb000 - 0x900cbffe  com.apple.AOSMigrate (1.0 - 1) <4EA0829E-6AE5-3877-A5B6-032AFDF28D39> /System/Library/PrivateFrameworks/AOSMigrate.framework/Versions/A/AOSMigrate
0x900cc000 - 0x900d6fff  libsystem_notify.dylib (98.5) <7EEE9475-18F8-3099-B0ED-23A3E528ABE0> /usr/lib/system/libsystem_notify.dylib
etc.....
If any more info is needed, I would be happy to provide it. Thanks!