Dr and bdr
How would I know which is which, what command would I use, is it sh ip ospf interfaces ? and it tells me there ?
Hi Carl,
Yes you are very right infact this command will also show you the router id of DR and BDR as well as interface ip address.
Have a look a this output
Router# show ip ospf interface ethernet 0
Ethernet 0 is up, line protocol is up
Internet Address 192.168.254.202, Mask 255.255.255.0, Area 0.0.0.0
AS 201, Router ID 192.77.99.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost: 10
Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State OTHER, Priority 1
Designated Router id 192.168.254.10, Interface address 192.168.254.10
Backup Designated router id 192.168.254.28, Interface addr 192.168.254.28
Also look at this link for output of some other ospf related commands
http://www.cisco.com/univercd/cc/td/doc/product/software/ios122/122cgcr/fiprrp_r/1rfospf.htm#wp1019819
HTH, if yes please rate the post.
Ankur
Similar Messages
-
hallo
in a broadcast multiaccess segment with more routers running OSPF if both DR and BDR fail, does the DR and BDR election process restart or not ?
francescoHi Francesco,
as soon one of them fails a new election will be started to replace it. In other words : OSPF does not wait that both die to pick a new DR or BDR. If both die at the exact same time, a new election will occur.
Hope this helps! -
Sales order type NCR and BDR Status
Hi Expert
have a Sales Doc(Debit Credit note) and Bill has made against this order and due to some reason Bill have to raised
now sales doc is block for line item as well as header level
but status is shown as "Being Processed" , now help how can change the status of this document without raised a further billingsandeep,
In the sales order assign reason for rejection and check
TW -
hi guys,
i am confused about the master and slave realtionship in ospf. any one can explain it to me in detail.Hello Pankaj,
The Master and Slave in OSPF are a slightly confusing concept but the idea behind it is quite simple.
When two routers decide to become fully adjacent, they must synchronize their LSDBs. OSPF tries to optimize this: the routers first exchange only the list of entries in their LSDBs. Each router compares the received list to the list of items in its own database, and if it finds that an LSA is missing or is older than one the neighbor knows about, it requests it from the neighbor afterwards. This way, both routers transmit only the missing or updated LSAs, not the entire LSDBs.
The list of LSDB entries is carried in Database Description (DBD) packets. Naturally, when routers exchange DBD packets, they must be sure all of them have been properly received by the neighbor, so some sort of acknowledgements must be used. There is a problem here, however: the only packets in OSPF used to carry acknowledgements are LSAck packets, but they can only be used to acknowledge LSU packets (more precisely, individual LSAs carried in LSU packets), not DBD packets. How shall the acknowledgements of DBD packets be accomplished, then?
OSPF uses a polling style of communication with the DBD packets. DBD packets themselves have sequence numbers used for sequencing and acknowledgement purposes. One of the two routers that are in the synchronization phase will be the one responsible for polling the other (i.e. calling it out it to send another piece of information if it has any), each time with an incremented sequence number. This is the Master role. The other router will only be allowed to respond to a DBD poll, never send any DBD packet without being polled immediately before, and the response DBD packet must carry the sequence number of the Master's DBD poll packet. This is the Slave role. The Slave must respond to each Master's DBD packet even if it has no more LSDB entries to advertise; in that case, the DBD response body will be empty.
So during the DBD exchange, the Master sends DBD packets to Slave, incrementing the sequence number by one in each round. The Slave waits for DBD packets from the Master and only responds to them, and each response carries the sequence number from the last received Master's DBD packet that was used to poll the Slave. Remember: a Slave must not send DBD packets on its own, only as responses to DBD packets received from the Master, and the sequence number of the Slave's response DBD packet must be set to the Master's poll DBD packet.
While I call the DBD packets as "polls" and "responses" here for the sake of clarity, the DBD packets do not have this distinction indicated explicitly. Any DBD packet sent from the Master, either with a body carrying a list of LSAs or an empty body, is a poll. Any DBD packet sent from the Slave, again either with a non-empty or empty body, is a response. A DBD packet can have an empty body if the router needs to send a DBD packet to the neighbor (either from Master to repeatedly poll the Slave, or from the Slave to confirm the arrival of the DBD packet from the Master) but has no more LSDB entries to advertise itself.
There are two issues with this simple procedure. First, there is the issue of who out of two synchronizing routers will be the Master and who will be the Slave. This is resolved during the ExStart phase: both routers initially treat themselves as Master routers, and send DBD packets with random initial sequence numbers to each other, indicating the MS flag (Master) in their header. As they do this, the router with the lower RouterID moves to the Slave role, while the router with the higher RouterID remains in the Master role. The ExStart phase is basically finished after establishing the router's role in the synchronizing pair; at most two DBD packets are needed for that, one from each router. The Exchange phase then lasts until routers have exchanged the entire list of their LSDB entries using DBD packets.
The second issue is more subtle: how should the Master know whether the Slave needs to be polled further? Clearly, a situation may arise when the Master's LSDB is empty or smaller than the Slave's, and the Master will need to send fewer DBDs than the Slave to list all its LSDB contents. As the Slave can not send a DBD packet on its own, it somehow needs to tell the Master to poll it again. This is accomplished by another flag in DBD packet header, the M (More) flag. If a Slave replies to the Master's DBD packet with its own DBD packet and the M flag set, the Master knows the Slave needs to be polled again. The Master will stop polling the Slave after the last DBD packet fom the Slave has the M flag cleared.
The RFC 2328 has a nice ASCIIart graph of the adjacency coming up:
+---+ +---+
|RT1| |RT2|
+---+ +---+
Down Down
Hello(DR=0,seen=0)
------------------------------>
Hello (DR=RT2,seen=RT1,...) Init
<------------------------------
ExStart D-D (Seq=x,I,M,Master)
------------------------------>
D-D (Seq=y,I,M,Master) ExStart
<------------------------------
Exchange D-D (Seq=y,M,Slave)
------------------------------>
D-D (Seq=y+1,M,Master) Exchange
<------------------------------
D-D (Seq=y+1,M,Slave)
------------------------------>
D-D (Seq=y+n, Master)
<------------------------------
D-D (Seq=y+n, Slave)
Loading ------------------------------>
LS Request Full
------------------------------>
LS Update
<------------------------------
LS Request
------------------------------>
LS Update
<------------------------------
Full
The I flag here is another flag in DBD headers called the Init flag, and is set only on initial DBD packets in the ExStart phase. If the router has established its Master or Slave role, it clears the I flag. This one is not really that important right now.
The Master/Slave relationship is built and relevant only during the initial LSDB synchronization when a new adjacency is being established. After the two routers go past the Exchange state, DBD packets are not used anymore, and the whole Master/Slave relationship is forgotten. Remember: Master/Slave is relevant only to DBD packets, and DBD packets are used only in ExStart/Exchange phases. Outside of these states, there are no DBD packets used, hence no Master/Slave relationships exist.
If there are, say, four routers, R1 till R4, connected to the same switch and run OSPF, during the OSPF bootup, there will be 5 temporary Master/Slave relationship built and torn down afterwards:
between the DR and BDR as they synchronize (assume those routers are R1 and R2)
between R3 and DR
between R3 and BDR
between R4 and DR
between R4 and BDR
Notice the Master/Slave relationship existed between those routers that went through ExStart and Exchange into the Full state. Also keep in mind that in the Full state, there are no more Master/Slave relationship present - they were only needed because of the specific needs of the DBD packet exchange.
Does this make the issue a little more clear? Please feel welcome to ask further!
Best regards,
Peter -
Maximum ip routes that can be handled by isis and ospf
Hello All,
Is there any limitation on the number of ip routes that isis can handle? I was going through one of the documentations which mentioned that the limit is 30K routes. This is due to the max number of fragments ( 256 ) with each containing not more than 121 routes.?
Do the following commands help to change this number?
lsp-mtu
and clns-mtu
Has anyone seen any such limitation for OSPF ?
Regards,
ShreeramHello Shreeram,
Hmm Qestion is quit logical, But what can I say is, believe me OSPF can handle lot of routes. It completly depends upon your Routers Processor and Memory.
In no I can say more than 6000 routes (reference https://supportforums.cisco.com/thread/10496)
For OSPF not to suffer, we must follow some rules when we make areas, it is because it is a linkstate algorithm, below are the same
for more information you can browse here
http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=1763921&seqNum=6
Factors Influencing OSPF Scalability
Scaling is determined by the utilization of three router resources: memory, CPU, and interface bandwidth. The workload that OSPF imposes on a router depends on these factors:
Number of adjacent neighbors for any one router: OSPF floods all link-state changes to all routers in an area. Routers with many neighbors have the most work to do when link-state changes occur. In general, any one router should have no more than 60 neighbors.
Number of adjacent routers in an area: OSPF uses a CPU-intensive algorithm. The number of calculations that must be performed given n link-state packets is proportional to n log n. As a result, the larger and more unstable the area, the greater the likelihood for performance problems associated with routing protocol recalculation. Generally, an area should have no more than 50 routers. Areas that suffer with unstable links should be smaller.
Number of areas supported by any one router: A router must run the link-state algorithm for each link-state change that occurs for every area in which the router resides. Every ABR is in at least two areas (the backbone and one adjacent area). In general, to maximize stability, one router should not be in more than three areas.
Designated router (DR) selection: In general, the DR and backup designated router (BDR) on a multiaccess link (for example, Ethernet) have the most OSPF work to do. It is a good idea to select routers that are not already heavily loaded with CPU-intensive activities to be the DR and BDR. In addition, it is generally not a good idea to select the same router to be the DR on many multiaccess links simultaneously.
Please rate the helpful posts
Regards
Thanveer
"Everybody is genius. But if you judge a fish by its ability to climb a tree, it will live its whole life believing that it is a stupid." -
Hi, my consideration are correct for the multicast protocol ?
As for the command "ip pim rp-address 173.17.2.1 VALID_GROUP" which is on the site of Padriciano I did a search and, practically, it automatically creates a tunnel interface.
This thing, as I said, you need to create / enable multicast. Being something of CCNP R & S do not know the different syntax but "PIM" stands for Protocol-Independent Multicast.
Because you do not have to do often directly with the multicast explain it to follow but it is as a reality check for me:
Multicast uses the connectionless protocol UDP for transport (transport layer, Layer 4 - L4) and allows you to send, with just sending the same packet to multiple nodes; since UDP does not guarantee delivery. You can think of as a multicast broadcast changed.
For example: if you have 6 nodes (node = router), for simplicity called ABCDEF, and the node A has to send a packet only to nodes BCDF (excluding the node E) then, with multicast, the packet is sent only once and is delivered to all hosts BCD F.
That's the theory but in practice petty commands ip pim NOT know them being the subject of CCNP R & S.
>> A concrete example of multicast: the election of the DR (Designated Router) and the Des BDR (Backup ignated Router) in multiaccess networks (such as Frame Relay networks) with OSPF.
All routers in the network that are NOT DR or BDR are Drothers (read as DR-Others). The Drothers can only communicate with the DR (simultaneously with the BDR).
This feature allows you to NOT flood the LSA (Link State Advertisement) to all routers in the network so that only the Drothers send their LSA to the DR and BDR using the multicast address 224.0.0.6 IPv4 or IPv6 multicast address ff02 :: 6.
224.0.0.6 and ff02 :: 6 = all routers DR
When the DR receives packets is responsible for forwarding these LSA to all other routers. The DR uses the multicast address 224.0.0.5 IPv4 or IPv6 multicast address ff02 :: 5. The end result is that there is only one router that does the flooding of all LSA in the multiaccess network.
>> 224.0.0.5 and ff02 :: 5 = all OSPF routers
ip multicast-routing
interface GigabitEthernet0/1.134
description LAN EDA
encapsulation dot1Q 134
ip address 134.1.192.31 255.255.255.240
no ip redirects
ip directed-broadcast
standby 134 ip 134.1.192.33
standby 134 timers msec 300 msec 950
standby 134 priority 90
standby 134 preempt delay reload 10
no shutdown
router ospf 1
network 134.1.192.32 255.255.255.240 area 15 ! LAN PMU
! Avalaible Routing Multicast for LAN EDA
ip multicast-routing
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip pim sparse-mode
interface GigabitEthernet0/1.500
ip pim sparse-mode
interface Serial0/1/0.36 point-to-point
ip pim sparse-mode
interface GigabitEthernet0/1.134
ip pim sparse-mode
ip igmp join-group 224.0.224.1
ip pim rp-address 173.17.2.1 VALID_GROUP
ip access-list standard VALID_GROUP
permit 224.0.224.1
router ospf 1
network 134.1.192.32 255.255.255.240 area 15 ! LAN PMU
! Avalaible Routing Multicast for LAN EDA
ip multicast-routing
interface GigabitEthernet0/0
ip pim sparse-mode
interface GigabitEthernet0/1.500
ip pim sparse-mode
interface Serial0/1/0.39 point-to-point
ip pim sparse-mode
interface GigabitEthernet0/1.134
ip pim sparse-mode
ip igmp join-group 224.0.224.1
ip pim rp-address 173.17.2.1 VALID_GROUP
ip access-list standard VALID_GROUP
permit 224.0.224.1
I did some tests simulated and I think I figured out why is assigned an IP address instead of another.
Given that the interface Tunnel0 is created when you type the command "ip pim rp-address 173.17.2.1 VALID_GROUP", in the tests I've done, I Tunnel0 Bind to the IP address associated with the FastEthernet0/0.
R-SCTI-PADRICIANO-1#sh ip int b
>> Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
>> FastEthernet0/0 173.27.200.22 YES manual up up
>> FastEthernet0/1 unassigned YES manual up up
>> FastEthernet0/1.20 172.27.195.118 YES manual up up
>> FastEthernet0/1.30 172.27.230.100 YES manual up up
>> FastEthernet0/1.31 173.27.254.118 YES manual up up
>> FastEthernet0/1.32 173.27.216.28 YES manual up up
>> FastEthernet0/1.134 134.1.192.33 YES manual up up
>> FastEthernet0/1.500 172.27.250.37 YES manual up up
>> Serial1/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
>> Serial1/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
>> Serial1/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
>> Serial1/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
>> Loopback0 172.27.254.10 YES manual up up
>> Tunnel0 173.27.200.22 YES unset up down
R-SCTI-PADRICIANO-1#conf t
>> R-SCTI-PADRICIANO-1(config)#int f0/0
>> R-SCTI-PADRICIANO-1(config-if)#sh
>> *Feb 6 16:09:31.439 CET: %LINK-5-CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to administratively down
>> *Feb 6 16:09:32.439 CET: %LINEPROTO-5-UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to down
>> R-SCTI-PADRICIANO-1(config-if)#do sh ip int b
>> Interface IP-Address OK? Method Status Protocol
>> FastEthernet0/0 173.27.200.22 YES manual administratively down down
>> FastEthernet0/1 unassigned YES manual up up
>> FastEthernet0/1.20 172.27.195.118 YES manual up up
>> FastEthernet0/1.30 172.27.230.100 YES manual up up
>> FastEthernet0/1.31 173.27.254.118 YES manual up up
>> FastEthernet0/1.32 173.27.216.28 YES manual up up
>> FastEthernet0/1.134 134.1.192.33 YES manual up up
>> FastEthernet0/1.500 172.27.250.37 YES manual up up
>> Serial1/0 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
>> Serial1/1 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
>> Serial1/2 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
>> Serial1/3 unassigned YES unset administratively down down
>> Loopback0 172.27.254.10 YES manual up up
>> Tunnel0 172.27.250.37 YES unset up down
>>
>> IP address Tunnel0 = IP address FastEthernet0/1.500Well, this is all looks like it is has to be. What confuses you?
Tun0 created by pim process to decapsulate multicast traffic coming to RP from source router. It doesn't matter what ip used inside of this interface. -
Hi
I am not a sql programmer and developers have given me this sql to have a look. I made the following recommendations after going through the sql. Is there anything else that can be added . I did not add about stats because they are representative and up to date.
SELECT /*+ PARALLEL(q1,4) */ *
FROM
(SELECT /*+ FIRST_ROWS(20) */
br.resource_id,
br.resource_code,
x.resource_seq_num employee_resource_number,
br.organization_id,
bd.department_id,
bd.department_code,
pf.full_name employee_name,
(SELECT xxdl_eam_util_pkg.xxdl_eam_get_resource_code(pf.person_id, bd.department_id)
FROM dual)
maximum_cost_resource,
pf.person_id,
x.wip_entity_id wo_id,
(SELECT weo1.wip_entity_name
FROM wip_eam_work_orders_v weo1
WHERE weo1.wip_entity_id = x.wip_entity_id)
wo_number,
CAST(x.start_date AS
TIMESTAMP) start_date,
CAST(x.completion_date AS
TIMESTAMP) completion_date,
wor.operation_seq_num wo_operation_number,
wor.resource_seq_num wo_resource_number,
wor.usage_rate_or_amount HOURS,
BRE.effective_start_date instance_start_date,
BRE.effective_end_date instance_end_date,
BRE.instance_id,
crc.resource_rate AS
resource_cost,
(SELECT xxdl_eam_util_pkg.xxdl_eam_get_all_res_code(pf.person_id, bd.department_id)
FROM dual)
all_resources
FROM per_all_people_f pf,
wip_eam_work_orders_v weo,
wip_operations wo,
wip_operation_resources wor,
(SELECT instance_id,
wip_entity_id,
operation_seq_num,
resource_seq_num,
start_date,
completion_date
FROM wip_op_resource_instances_v) x,
bom_dept_res_instances bdri,
bom_resource_employees BRE,
bom_department_resources bdr,
bom_resources br,
cst_resource_costs crc,
bom_departments bd
WHERE br.organization_id = bd.organization_id
AND bdr.resource_id = br.resource_id
AND bdr.department_id = bd.department_id
AND BRE.resource_id = br.resource_id
AND pf.effective_start_date <=sysdate
AND pf.effective_end_date >= sysdate
AND pf.person_id = BRE.person_id
AND wo.department_id = bd.department_id
AND wor.operation_seq_num(+) = wo.operation_seq_num
AND wor.wip_entity_id(+) = wo.wip_entity_id
AND wor.organization_id(+) = wo.organization_id
AND weo.wip_entity_id = wo.wip_entity_id
AND weo.organization_id = wo.organization_id
-- AND weo.organization_id = 6921
AND DECODE(bd.disable_date,null, sysdate,bd.disable_date) >= sysdate
AND DECODE(br.disable_date,null, sysdate,br.disable_date) >= sysdate
AND DECODE(wo.disable_date,null, sysdate,wo.disable_date) >= sysdate
AND crc.resource_id(+) = BRE.resource_id
AND x.wip_entity_id = wor.wip_entity_id
AND x.operation_seq_num = wor.operation_seq_num
AND x.resource_seq_num = wor.resource_seq_num
AND x.instance_id(+) = BRE.instance_id
AND bdri.department_id = bd.department_id
AND bdri.resource_id = br.resource_id
AND weo.organization_id = 6921
AND bdri.department_id = 5004
UNION
SELECT /*+ FIRST_ROWS(20) */ DISTINCT NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
pf.full_name employee_name,
NULL,
pf.person_id,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL HOURS,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL,
NULL
FROM per_all_people_f pf,
wip_eam_work_orders_v weo,
wip_operations wo,
wip_operation_resources wor,
bom_dept_res_instances bdri,
bom_resource_employees BRE,
bom_department_resources bdr,
bom_resources br,
cst_resource_costs crc,
bom_departments bd
WHERE br.organization_id = bd.organization_id
AND bdr.resource_id = br.resource_id
AND bdr.department_id = bd.department_id
AND BRE.resource_id = br.resource_id
AND pf.effective_start_date <=sysdate
AND pf.effective_end_date >= sysdate
AND pf.person_id = BRE.person_id
AND wo.department_id = bd.department_id
AND wor.operation_seq_num(+) = wo.operation_seq_num
AND wor.wip_entity_id(+) = wo.wip_entity_id
AND wor.organization_id(+) = wo.organization_id
AND weo.wip_entity_id = wo.wip_entity_id
AND weo.organization_id = wo.organization_id
AND DECODE(bd.disable_date,null, sysdate,bd.disable_date) >= sysdate
AND DECODE(br.disable_date,null, sysdate,br.disable_date) >= sysdate
AND DECODE(wo.disable_date,null, sysdate,wo.disable_date) >= sysdate
AND crc.resource_id(+) = BRE.resource_id
AND bdri.department_id = bd.department_id
AND bdri.resource_id = br.resource_id
AND weo.organization_id = 6921
AND bdri.department_id = 5004
AND NOT EXISTS
(SELECT instance_id,
wip_entity_id operation_seq_num,
resource_seq_num
FROM wip_op_resource_instances_v)
) q1
ORDER BY department_id,
resource_code,
employee_name,
wo_number
My suggestions:
. Try to use UNION ALL instead of UNION. If you can eliminate UNION all together and flatten the query that will be even better.
2. You are using the function in a select statement xxdl_eam_util_pkg.xxdl_eam_get_resource_code(pf.person_id, bd.department_id)This will slow the performance. Try to get rid of this. Function calls in select are expensive.
3. Dont use the parallel hint and optimize. It wont get you consistent results.
4. Use of per_all_people_F is expensive. The UNION again complicates things. per_all_people_f has to be scanned 2x times.
5. Where does the application get the values for department id? Whether user inputs a value or whether it is hard coded . Most likely user will input value and each time it may be different. If that is the case, then you may be hitting bind peeking. There is not much hope for this. Not much can be done. Whatever you do this can happen. Only way is to pin the plan if you can use literals instead of binds. But that is not possible I think.
6. AND DECODE(bd.disable_date,null, sysdate,bd.disable_date) >= sysdate
AND DECODE(br.disable_date,null, sysdate,br.disable_date) >= sysdate
AND DECODE(wo.disable_date,null, sysdate,wo.disable_date) >= sysdate
Those statements, if you can rewrite would be good. If there are indexes on any of those columns, they are more than likely not used.
7. Are the outer joins really required. If not required remove them.
8. There is a 'WITH' clause in 10g . Try to use that for your subqueries or main query where applicable. It will save some I/O.
9. Try to tune without any hints. Remove the first rows as well and see the difference.
I know that the sql is definately bad and can be rewritten but I am not able to exactly write it for them.
Any inputs or thoughts?
MSKHi,
Any suggestions for reading on Sql tuning
I am looking for a practical book with solutions .
And books showing the Sql internal workings ?Take a look on Amazon some Jonathan Lewis books.
I will also recommend you to take a look on the following blogs:
- http://jonathanlewis.wordpress.com/
- http://www.juliandyke.com/
- http://richardfoote.wordpress.com/
- http://tkyte.blogspot.com/
And also any good interview based good Oracle DBA books ?You can take a look on my blog for some common DBA interview questions.
http://oraclenz.com/category/interview-tips/
Regards,
Francisco Munoz Alvarez
www.oraclenz.com -
I am new to OSPF. I have 2 basic querys on OSPF link update.
1. How does one router communicates with every router in the OSPF area. Is it that each router communicates only with its directly connected neighbours? example.
ROUTERA-------ROUTERB-----ROUTERC-----ROUTERD----ROUTERE
Lets say link on RouterB connected to ROUTERA goes down. How does "ROUTERE" get to know about this? Is the communication is from RouterB to ROUTERC then to ROUTERD and then to ROUTERE?
2. How does router handle(forward) multicast packets?
ThanksHello Avil,
the way OSPF communicates depends on how your network is set up. In your case, it looks like all routers are connected back-to-back with point-to-point links. OSPF uses the concept of adjacencies: an OSPF router has an adjacency with a connected router, which means that they have the exact same view of the entire network. If you do a 'show ip ospf neighbor' on your RouterA and your RouterE, it tells you the adjacencies these routers have with other connected routers. Now let's say the link between RouterA and RouterB goes down. RouterC notifies RouterD, and RouterD notifies RouterE immediately by exchanging link-state packets.
Keep in mind that on a multiaccess segment (where multiple OSPF routers are directly connected on the same segment), the concept of DR (Designated Router) and BDR (Backup Designated Router) comes into play: on a multiaccess segment, a DR and a BDR are elected, and all other routers have full adjacencies only with the DR and the BDR.
Regarding the multicast traffic: it is handled just as unicast traffic (unless you specifically block it).
Does that make sense ? If you are just starting with OSPF, have a look at the link below, which contains a pretty good introduction of the basic concepts.
OSPF Design Guide
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/104/2.html#4.0
HTH,
GNT -
I have been reading a lot about OSPF design and tuning and I have been unable to find anything about IP addressing between routers in an area. OSPF elects a DR and a BDR for every broadcast domain so you can end up having multiple DR/BDR's in the same area. If you have all links between routers in the same broadcast domain, then there will only be one DR and BDR for that particular area; is that prefered? All routers still have to perform the SPF algorithm but the DR/BDR send out the LSA's to intra-area routers. Would all the routers being in the one broadcast domain save a little bit of bandwidth or processing power?
It is a common misunderstanding to believe that an area should have a single DR and a single BDR. But that is not the case. In fact DR and BDR have nothing to do with areas.
I think the situation that you describe might be like this
RouterA has an Ethernet connection to RouterB
RouterA has a separate Ethernet connection to RouterC
RouterA has a separate Ethernet connection to RouterD
RouterA has a separate Ethernet connection to RouterE
So RouterA is a member of 4 separate broadcast domains. And yes RouterA would be DR or BDR in each of the 4 broadcast domains (assuming that there are not other routers connected to any of these broadcast domains). It is not necessarily an issue for RouterA to be DR or BDR in multiple networks).
HTH
Rick -
Link State Routing Protocol Question
"In LSP, one router in each area is designated as the authoritative source of routing information (called a designated router). Each area router receives updates from the designated router" Why need designated router? How it work? Why can?t it just broadcast LSP and leant the routing information without the need of designated router? Is designate router the same as backbone or root area in OSPF? Is "area" concept only be used in Link State Routing Protocol OSPF?
hi...
you will find area topology in IS IS also...
here we are using the Area as well as DR and BDR for reducing the LSA flooding in the area... each router in ospf area will send update to the DR on multicast address and then DR will send the multicast update to all other router in the area... here each and every router in the area have the full adjucancy with DR but they are not in the full adjucancy with any other router ...
hope this will help you
rate this post if it helps
regards
Devang -
Single Corporate SSID + Single Guest SSID across 200 sites over VPN with Flex Connect
We have two main sites (East Building as DR + West Building as BDR) + 100 remote sites / all connection between the sites based on VPN / OSPF
East building has 1 WLC 5508 with a license of 500 AP
West building has 1 WLC 5508 with a license of 500 AP
50 remote sites in East
Each East remote site have 5 AP (AIR-LAP1142N + AIR-CAP2602I)
Total AP in all the 50 remote site in East is 250 AP
50 remote site in West
Each West remote site have 5 AP (AIR-LAP1142N + AIR-CAP2602I)
Total AP in all the 50 remote site in West is 250 AP
Hardware available are:
2 * WLC 5508
2 * ACS 5.2
Most of the switches that connect to the AP are 2960G
All the AP are
AIR-LAP1142N-E-K9
AIR-CAP2602I-E-K9
Requirements in Brief:-
1 SSID for Internal user across all the sites
1 SSID for Guest user across all the sites
All IP for all the sites based on their local subnet
All the remote sites need to be Flex connect
The 2 WLC need to configure as failover
Requirements in Details:-
One Corporate ABC-SSID for all the sites
One Guest ABC-SSID for all the sites
The WLC in East building is the primary which control all the East remote site (250 AP)
The WLC in West building is the secondary which control all the West remote site (250 AP)
A fail over between the two WLC as below:
If the WLC in east fail then all the AP in east (250 AP) will connect to WLC in West
If the WLC in West fail then all the AP in west (250 AP) will connect to WLC in East
Each Remote site behaving as Flex connect to reduce the overhead over the WAN/VPN
Each site must have their own AP groups for the ease of management
All the AP MGMT IP based on their local subnet
Each remote site, West building, and East building must obtain their IP based on their local VLAN Example:- site-1 in East:
Corporate ABC-SSID take 10.204.0.0/24
Guest ABC-SSID take 192.168.0.0/24
Example:- site-2 in East:
Corporate ABC-SSID take 10.204.1.0/24
Guest ABC-SSID take 192.168.1.0/24
Example:- site-3 in East:
Corporate ABC-SSID take 10.204.2/24
Guest ABC-SSID take 192.168.2.0/24
And so on…….
Example:- site-1 in West:
Corporate ABC-SSID take 10.204.100.0/24
Guest ABC-SSID take 192.168.100.0/24
Example:- site-2 in West:
Corporate ABC-SSID take 10.204.101.0/24
Guest ABC-SSID take 192.168.101.0/24
Example:- site-3 in West:
Corporate ABC-SSID take 10.204.102.0/24
Guest ABC-SSID take 192.168.102.0/24
And so on…….
Reference that I found
https://supportforums.cisco.com/thread/2039215
Expert I'm really stuck here, so please any help will do.
Thanks in advanceWhat are you stuck on? What you have mentioned is possible.
When you setup FlexConnect and also when AP's night failover, you need to make sure that the WLAN ID are in the same order in bother WLC's. also the AP Groups have the same information and have the same AP Group names and WLAN to vlan mapping. So as long as the WLC's are configured exactly the same except for IP addresses and hostname a, failover for FlexConnect will work fine.
Now the FlexConnect WLAN to vlan mapping is done on the access point itself. So each AP will have to configured. AP Groups will not help here as you can really just create one since you will have the same WLAN's broadcasting at each site. You can make is simple though:) and this is a good tip.....
If all your vlans are the same in every site including your DR and BDR, then the WLAN to vlan mapping will use the vlan if you have specified in the the WLAN under the I terrace mapping. So if in your corporate WLAN it is mapped to I terrace vlan 100, all you FlexConnect AP's will have that mapping set to vlan 100. If your guest at WLAN is mapped to vlan 999 interface on the WLC then the FlexConnect WLAN to vlan mapping for the guest will be set to vlan 999.
Now if you have different vlan id's for each site or it might be the same for some and not the others, well you will have to tough each AP and configure the WLAN to vlan mapping.
The WLAN to vlan mapping appears only when you have enabled FlexConnect local swit hung in the WLAN and you have the access point in FlexConnect mode.
Sent from Cisco Technical Support iPhone App -
Like the title says. I go almost directly to the boot menu. There I can only choose the optical drive with the windows 7 disk in it. But when I press enter it says: no bootable device, Press any key to go back. Really hope you can help me
also have a youtube video so you can see the problem. But I am not allowed to post external links. So you can go to youtube channel:
itsjustme2102
then click on video and I think its the first video you see, you will recognize the video title also: MSI motherboard doesn't boot
graphics card Club 3D Radeon HD 6850 CoolStream Edition
CPU Socket AM3 ,AMD Phenom II X4 965 , OPGA, "Deneb", Black Edition, C3
be quiet! Pure PowerL7 530W
mainboard Socket AM3+ ,MSI 760GM-P23 (FX) , RAID, Gb-LAN, VGA, Sound, µATX
memory DDR3-1333 ,Crucial 8 GB DDR3-1333 Kit ,CT2KIT51264BA1339
Samsung SH-D163C optical drive
hard drive 3,5" seagate barracuda 2TB greenBuilt my rig today and I'm having the same problem. The hard drive and BDR player show up in the Bios. When I boot the system it says "please select the boot device." The only option is CD/DVD, which has the windows 7 disc inside. When I press enter it says "No bootable device, press any key to go back" I can't get any further than that.
I tried a number of HDD's and DVD Drives, with the same unsuccessful results. I could use some assistance if anyone's nailed the source of this problem.
XFX Radeon HD 6670 Core Edition Video Card - 2GB DDR3, HD-667X-CDF3
AMD FX-6300 Six-Core 3.5GHz AM3+ Processor
MSI 760GM-P23 (FX) AMD Series Motherboard
Patriot Viper Xtreme 8GB Desktop Memory Module - DDR3, 1600MHz -
This is the story of my four day experience installing and running PE8. For some of you there are tips that may help fix your problems. For others you will simply relate to my experience. For those considering purchasing PE8 I highly recommend that you do your homework before jumping in.
I've been using PE4 for the last two years and was quite happy with the features and flexibility. I consider myself a prosumer/serious hobbyist and have extensive geek experience. My usual jobs consist of importing HDV video from DV tape that was recorded with a Canon HV20. I combine the video with still shots from a Canon 20D in JPG format, throw in some music, and make short (<5 min) videos. I render and export in Widescreen DVD format (both PC and disk) and to H.264 HD format (both PC and Blu-ray disk).
Last week I decided that I should finally upgrade to the newest version just to stay current. I didn't read any reviews or do any research since I've always had a high level of respect for Adobe quality. Unfortunately my experience with PE8 has not been good. I've spent the better part of four days trying to get it working properly. I've had successes and disapointments. Some of you may benefit from the fixes that I used and I hope they will get you going with a functional and stable platform.
System:
Intel Core 2 Quad (Q6600) native 2.4 GHz, overclocked to 3.0 GHz
4 GB RAM
1 TB striped RAID (RAID 0 for speed)
Nvidia 8800 GT
Samsung SH-S203B DVD RW
Pioneer BDR-203 BD RW (Blu-ray)
Vista x32
Installed PE8, updated to the latest version of QuickTime (7.65.17), and went merrily off working on my first project. I immediately started having stability issues. Crashes without any warning, crashes with "out-of-memory" messages, crashes with "unknown cause" messages, crashes to the BSOD, couldn't render anything without a crash, overloaded processors even when the program was idle AND after it was closed, etc. Not good. All this on a platform that is extremely stable with every other software package I run.
After spending a couple days researching the issues I applied some system modifications that actually fixed most of the problems I was having. In fact the program only crashed once or twice following the changes - a tolerable frequency as long as I saved frequently. Prior to the changes it was crashing very frequently.
Here's the steps that got my PE8 running stable (insert reboots in the usual places):
1) Uninstalled existing QuickTime and Nvidia drivers (QT 7.65.17, Nvidia ?)
2) Installed QuickTime 7.3.1 and updated Nvidia GeForce drivers to v195.62
3) Uninstalled GeForce Stereoscopic 3D Driver (this doesn't affect your 3D gaming unless you use 3D glasses)
4) Disabled the Auto-Analyzer "feature" in Elements Organizer
5) Disabled Background Rendering in PE8
After taking these steps the only really annoying problem that still existed is that "Adobe Premier Elements.exe" continues to run after closing the program. It hogs about 25% - 100% of the 4 processors but doesn't appear to be doing anything. And yes, I did leave it running overnight just to see if it would ever finish whatever it thought it was doing - nope.
Overall I was very happy that the mods fixed 90+% of my stability issues. I completed my 4 minute video without much trouble and then...I tried to render the final product. The standard DVD quality rendering works great - in both PC executable and disk products. The HD 720p works fine in PC executable format. But the one thing that I really need to produce is H.264 or MPEG2 at 1920x1080. In the final product everything seems to render okay and the video starts out okay but at exactly 30 seconds the audio cuts out. The interesting thing is that I can start from any point in the video and the sound lasts for 30 seconds and then dies.
I found a post where another person was having the exact same problem with standard resolution PC output and they were able to fix it by selecting the Advanced button to open the Export Settings, selecting the Audio tab, and then selecting MPEG for the audio format. If you are having this audio problem you should definitely try the above fix! Unfortunately, for the higher res HD output no such option exists under the audio tab. There is perhaps a 3rd option to fix this problem and that is to buy another video editing program, read in the corrupt PE8 output and re-render. Apparently this has worked for some folks but I'm refusing to buy another program just to fix the errors of the editor I already have.
In summary, if you are having stability issues try the fixes I've listed above. They could potentially fix your problems and get you up and running. As for me, I can't find a way to get around the audio problem and it's the one last thing preventing me from having a functional PE8. I plan to return the product (ordered from Adobe online) in the hopes that voting with my dollars will encourage them to fix the PE8 problems. My impression of the current version of PE8 is that it is an abomination that should have never been released. It is substandard even for a beta version. If Adobe can fix their PE8 problems and create a editor that is half as good as their other products they I will be the first to sign up for a new copy.
Good luck with whatever trials and tribulations that you may be experiencing with PE8. I'm glad that the program is working for some and for the rest I hope Santa delivers a serious PE8 patch!Please post "PE8 Trials and Tribulations" as a customer review on Amazon.com http://www.amazon.com/Adobe-65045377-Premiere-Elements-8/product-reviews/B002IJA1DM/ref=dp _top_cm_cr_acr_txt?ie=UTF8&showViewpoints=1http://.
I have the same computer and have experienced the same problems as you have. If you are able to get PE8 to function properly you will find that PE8 runs slower than PE7 due to all the new features (useless fluff).
You might also try deleteing any Reatek Audio drivers and allowing Win 7 to install it's driver, this seems to have helped my PE8 sound conflicts. I agree with you one hundred percent that PE8 should have been stabilized and the compatibility issues resolved before it was released. I guess things are done diferently at Adobe Bangalore. -
CS4 Premiere (and Encore) crash on opening with blue screen
I have been having a terrible time with CS4 Premiere Pro crashes over the last month or so. Initially PP would just disappear from the screen as it was opening up, and if it didn't crash it was quite often after the Matrox RT.X2 logo came up after selecting the project to open. I had less problems starting a new project than opening a previous one. Sometimes it would open and crash during the work process without warning...forcing me to save after every change. Then it got worse.
I looked to the Adobe CS4 bulletin on crashes and it was suggested to update drivers. The first driver I looked at needed an update (Nvidia Quadro FX1500 256 MB) so I had their download service do the work and installing. During the process it stopped with 'Nvidia display pannel extension cannot install due to a version mismatch. Resetting the display drives may solve this problem' without any suggestions on how to do that. I have 2 Dell 24" monitors slightly different from each other but worked great before all this.
From this point everything got even worse. System Restore to the previous day did nothing. Everytime I tried to open Premiere (or Encore) the whole computer crashed (blue screen) and restarted automatically. I can no longer play any video without crashing -- not an AVI, MOV, WMV, etc. Not even a finished DVD will play on the computer now.
I have the latest versions updates of Premiere Pro 4.2.1 as well as the Matrox RT.X2 tools.
While the Nvidia driver update situation made the situation worse, I was having problems with Premiere Pro CS4 way before this with 'instant' crashes and no warnings. Strange that Photoshop CS4 works just fine as this has evolved into a video problem...and I need your help to get PP running again.
I'm not a techie so please reply in novice language. When CS4 came out it took Matrox quite a while to get off 'beta' tools upgrade so I waited until it was off beta (April 2010) and had my computer hardware expert upgrade my computer with CS4 and the new Matrox install -- way too technical for me to do. It worked great...until about a month ago when all this started.
I don't think the equipment I have now on my 2006 computer would work with CS5 - maybe you can look below and tell me.
For reference, here is my equipment: XP Professional SP 3; AMD Athlon 64 x 2 dual core processor; 4800+ 2.41 GHz, 3.25 GB RAM; Nvidia Quadro FX1500 256MB; 2 Dell monitors - 2407WFP and ST2410; Matrox RT.X2; 2TB WE Raid Edition SATA 16MB; Blu-Ray burner BDR-2058BK; Pioneer 111 Dual Layer DVD Rewrite Burner; Sound Blaster Audigy4 24 Bit; Built in FD controller 2 IDE on the main board.
BrianThanks harm for your suggestions but I'm lost. I am not a techie. Went to your thread on building a new computer and it was way way over my head...so I'm back here asking for your suggestions as I couldn't even figure out how to copy/paste my equipment listed above and post this message there instead.
Took my box back to the vendor who put it together for me in 2006 for $6000 and he's going to try and get it up and running again for me. I told him about your recommendation to lose the Matrox and he doesn't think it's the problem if I want fast rendering, etc. He says he's used RT.X2 in a ton of systems he's put together and work just fine. He's going to try getting my present computer running, first of all without any new additions and then make suggestions. It ran beautifully under CS2, so much so I skipped CS3 and was very late adding on CS4 ... and that's when the problems started. Perhaps CS4 was just too demanding for my 2006 equipment...which probably means CS5 is even more demanding.
So....two questions:
1. If I upgrade what I've got, where do I start? Or is it worth upgrading or better to start brand new (budget problems no doubt)
2. If I start brand new, what do I put in the new box? I looked at your 3 different cost areas and the budget config is probably not what I need but warrior level too high. Even the middle road you recommened looks a little low for what I want to do making BR disks, but you would know.
I assume some of the current equipment I've got could still be used, perhaps even the Matrox if that keeps costs down by not having to replace it with something else. There is a new C drive for my programs and a new 2TB internal hard drive for files (which I mirror backup to an external 2TB drive).
Could you make some build recommendations that I could give to my vendor? Many thanks.
Brian
ps...how do you copy/paste on this forum? -
The USB 3 stack is unstable in Windows 8.1 and Windows 8. I was hoping the upgrade to Windows 8.1 would improve the stability but no.
On two different motherboard systems I have had the same experience with 64 bit Windows 8 Pro and Windows 8.1 Pro compatibility with various USB 3.0 devices and hubs including:
An AFT PRO-57U front panel card-reader/hub, various Anker, Syba multiport hubs, and these are just a few I have tried, there are many more.
Symptoms are the same.
For example: the AFT PRO-57U slots are enumerated correctly as drive letters in Windows 8.1.
Then the drives (the PRO-57U slots) disappear, then reappear, then disappear, and reappear and so on. This happens consistently and the cycle time to disappear/reappear varies from 10 seconds to 10 minutes.
The Windows Device Manager shows the devices appearing and disappearing as enumerated devices. I have tried many trial and error methods to solve this, uninstalling and reinstalling USB motherboard drivers, different cables to the AFT PRO-57U device different
USB 3 ports for the devices and many more...
One of the hubs I bought specifically because it has the latest chip and firmware: Anker® USB 3.0 9-Port Hub + 5V 2.1A Smart Charging Port with 12V 5A Power Adapter [VIA VL812-B2 Chipset and updated Firmware 9081] This hub FAILs to enumerate some external
HDDs and other devices.
To troubleshoot I have tried many things:
I have disabled Windows Power Options, USB Selective Suspend.
I have disabled power options for each and every USB device in Windows Device Manager
I have uninstalled the Asus AI Suite 3 software and the issues remain.
I have tried BIOS settings for Legacy USB devices on and off and the issues remain.
I have tried BIOS setting for xHCI Mode - Auto, Smart Auto, On, Disabled
I have updated to the latest Intel chipset drivers 9.4.0.1026
I have all the latest BIOS, drivers, firmware, devices, - anything that is involved with the USB 3 stack.
Etc. etc. etc...
I have contacted Asus, Gigabyte Intel, AFT, Anker Syba, etc. and they are all finger pointing.
I have tried so many trial and error methods to solve the problem and I have run out of ideas.
It is clearly an unstable USB 3 stack and I am not sure who is responsible although I suspect Intel chipset drivers.
USB 2 is fine BTW. All devices work correctly when plugged into USB 2 ports.
From what I can tell, the entire USB 3 environment is a problematic P.O.S.
If anyone has any ideas I am willing to try anything I have not already tried.
Thanks,
Michael Downs
P.S. Here is my system information. I have all the latest BIOS, updates, drivers and etc. for all devices.
ASUS Maximus VI Formula w/ BIOS 1002
Intel Core i7-4770K BX80646I74770K
G.Skill Trident X 16GB (2 x 8GB) DDR3 2400 Model F3-2400C10D-16GTX
Samsung 840 Pro 256GB SSD Seagate Constellation CS ST3000NC002 3TB 7200 RPM 64MB
EVGA GeForce GTX 760 ACX 2GB 256-bit GDDR5
Corsair Carbide Series 330R Mid-tower Case
Corsair RM850 850W 80 Plus GOLD Certified
Cooler Master Seidon 240M - Liquid CPU Water Cooler
Pioneer 15X BD-R SATA Blu-ray Burner BDR-2208
AFT PRO-57U All-in-one USB 3.0 5.25" Media Card Reader
Then there is a similar system with the exact same USB 3 issues:
Gigabyte - GA-Z77X-UP4TH
Intel i7 3770K
etc.
mddHey, I hope this helps you out a bit... I have had the same issue on my Asus K55A notebook with Win8.1 Pro x64 from the beginning! Thru my extensive research I found something interesting and the possible cause to all this! What I found was that by design
the xHCI Host Controller has virtual HS 2.0 Ports linked to the 3.0 Ports... Enabling compatibility with 2.0 devices ok... What happens is that the xHCI stack is unstable just like you say... The ONLY WAY I was able to fix the problem was by unlocking the
UEFI/BIOS to allow me full access to USB Configurations... I had to disable 2 of the HS ports under the xHCI Controller since I have only 2x 3.0 ports... This allowed 3.0 devices to be enumerated correctly under the xHCI stack and 2.0 devices now were enumerated
under the EHCI 2.0 stack... That's what worked in my case... I'm still digging around for more info about this issue because I find it so odd that no one discovered this when designing xHCI stacks and drivers at MS for Win8/8.1 x64... I hope I shed some light
on this issue... Good luck and keep us posted!
Hi, Sebastian. I have the same problem but i'm getting crazy trying to solve it. Can you help me to unlock the UEFI to access full USB config? and give me some suggestions on how to solve the problem?
My mail is roquen(at)gamail(dot)com
Thanks in advance!
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