Swap Space in Linux
Hi,
I am newbie to Linux.How to increase the Swap Space in Linux for Oracle 10g Installation.Is it possible to create the Swap space without Reboot in Resue Mode.Tell some commands about Swap space and File system.
Thank You,
With Regards,
1. Find a filesystem or partition on which you want to create swap space. Lets say root filesystem /
2. Example -> dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1024 count=65536
3. Making of swapfile -> mkswap /swapfile
4. Immediately enable swap -> swapon /swapfile
5. To enable it at boot time edit /etc/fstab to include -> */swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0*
Finally Check with you Unix system administrator before doing these commands.
Ss
Similar Messages
-
I am use script to install a data guard, and get ORA-27072 error, the metalink tell my maybe "all available swap space on the system has been used".
and tell me
"According Note 169706.1 : Oracle® Database on AIX®,HP-UX®,Linux®,Mac OS® X,Solaris®,Tru64 Unix® Operating Systems Install
ation and Configuration Requirements Quick Reference (8.0.5 to 11.1)
Oracle has the following recommend on the swap sapce for linux x86 system
If RAM = 1024MB to 2048Mb
then 1.5 times RAM
elseif RAM > 2048MB and < 8192MB
then match RAM
else RAM > 8192MB
then .75 times RAM"
ORA-27072: File I/O error
Linux Error: 25: Inappropriate ioctl for device
My os has 8G RAM and 2G swap space size, do i need chang swap space size to 6G?>
I am use script to install a data guard, and get ORA-27072 error, the metalink tell my maybe "all available swap space on the system has been used".
and tell me
"According Note 169706.1 : Oracle® Database on AIX®,HP-UX®,Linux®,Mac OS® X,Solaris®,Tru64 Unix® Operating Systems Install
ation and Configuration Requirements Quick Reference (8.0.5 to 11.1)
Oracle has the following recommend on the swap sapce for linux x86 systemWell, for a start you could try clearly telling us what your OS is! Above
you mention a "linux x86" system.
If RAM = 1024MB to 2048Mb
then 1.5 times RAM
elseif RAM > 2048MB and < 8192MB
then match RAM
else RAM > 8192MB
then .75 times RAM"
ORA-27072: File I/O error
Linux Error: 25: Inappropriate ioctl for device
My os has 8G RAM and 2G swap space size, do i need chang swap space size to 6G?Sorry - I'm confused - here you mention 8GB of RAM. Do you have
High Memory Support on your kernel?
You might want to look at
http://www.puschitz.com/InstallingOracle10g.shtml
however more info on your configuration is necessary. BTW, you can also
improve performance by spreading the swap over different disks.
HTH.
Paul...
When asking database related questions, please give other posters
some clues, like OS (with version), version of Oracle being used and DDL.
Other trivia such as CPU, RAM + Disk configuration might also be useful.
The exact text and/or number of error messages is useful (!= "it didn't work!"). Thanks.
Furthermore, as a courtesy to those who spend time analysing and attempting to help,
please do not top post and do try to trim your replies! -
Problem on Creating a Swapfile for adding swap space
Folks,
Hello. I am using Oracle Linux 5.6. At this time, the Linux swap space is 0 KB by using the command:
[root@rac1 /]# grep SwapTotal /proc/meminfo
I need 150MB swap space to install Oracle Database. I create the swap space using the following commands:
Step 1:
[root@rac1 /]# dd if=/dev/zero of=/swapfile bs=1024 count15360 hit enter
Output: 153600 to records in
153600 to records out
157286400 bytes(157MB) copied, 3.3835 seconds, 46.5MB/s.
Step 2:
[root@rac1 /]# mkswap /swapfile hit enter
Output: Command not found.
Step 3:
[root@rac1 /]# swapon /swapfile hit enter
Output: Command not found.
Step 4:
[root@rac1 etc]#vi fstab
Add this line into the file: /swapfile swap swap defaults 0 0
Save and close the file fstab.
Step 5:
Reboot Oracle Linux 5.6 and run this command:
[root@rac1 /]# grep SwapTotal /pro/meminfo
Output: SwapTotal: 0 KB
As you see above, swap space is not added. I think the problem is that the commands "mkswap /swapfile" and "swapon /swapfile" are not executed.
My question is : Do any folk understand how to add the swap space successfully ?When you execute a program, the command shell will walk through the locations specified by $PATH environment variable in order to find it. The "./" path is the current working directory and should not be in the $PATH environment to make sure applications are run only from locations defined by $PATH and not the current working directory. You can bypass this behavior iif you specify the full absolute path to the program at the command prompt, e.g. cd /sbin, ./mkswap or /sbin/mkswap. Other programs and administration tasks will use Linux utilities located in /sbin without specifying the full path and will not work if /sbin is not part of your PATH environment.
You may have seriously screwed up your system because your root account contains /home/ora11g/bin, which is normally defined by .bash_profile located in the user account's home directory. Before analyzing your login scripts, I suggest you post the output of the following command:
cat /etc/passwd -
Hi
I intend to install oracle 10 R2 on redhat linux 5 , my system have 64 gb ram
how much swap space i need to setup for this size of ram
i check some installation docoment it mention
if the memory is 1 to 8 gig then it should be double
if it is more than 8 gig then it should be 0.75 of mrmory size
if this is the method then for my ram size i need to set 48 Gb
is this is right size , i am wondering this size seems like very huge size
pls advise what is the right size for 64 gb RAM
RDSThe documentation states:
http://download.oracle.com/docs/cd/B19306_01/install.102/b15667/pre_install.htm#i1011296The system must meet the following minimum hardware requirements:
swap space ... More than 8192 MB -> 0.75 times the size of RAM>
So, probably it will work with less memory but if you want a supported configuration, then assign the required space, hard disks are so cheap.
Enrique -
What is normal swap space utilization on Solaris 10
Hi all,
I'm running Oracle 11.2 on Solaris 10 on a couple of HP Proliant DL 360 servers.
Both servers have 72G of physical RAM with swap space set to 16G on both of them.
Server A has only one database and total memory free = 30G.
Server A
top: Memory: 72G phys mem, 30G free mem, 16G total swap, 16G free swap
swap -s: total: 27249744k bytes allocated + 13873764k reserved = 41123508k used, 1000552k available
prstat:
NPROC USERNAME SWAP RSS MEMORY TIME CPU
257 oracle 39G 38G 53% 222:11:52 5.6%
31 root 57M 59M 0.1% 414:47:23 0.1%
1 smmsp 1776K 7736K 0.0% 0:00:34 0.0%
6 zabbix 4752K 4092K 0.0% 0:58:31 0.0%
4 daemon 3864K 6456K 0.0% 0:00:35 0.0%Server B has two databases and total memory free = 9G.
Server B
top: Memory: 72G phys mem, 9890M free mem, 16G total swap, 16G free swap
swap -s: total: 29223360k bytes allocated + 627312k reserved = 29850672k used, 16926320k available
prstat:
NPROC USERNAME SWAP RSS MEMORY TIME CPU
157 oracle 28G 28G 39% 15:38:41 0.4%
34 root 58M 65M 0.1% 2:56:57 0.0%
6 zabbix 5580K 4816K 0.0% 0:00:31 0.0%
1 smmsp 1776K 5724K 0.0% 0:00:00 0.0%
5 hpsmh 17M 13M 0.0% 0:00:00 0.0%
4 daemon 3204K 5912K 0.0% 0:00:00 0.0%We are using zfs file system on both servers (which is pretty much the standard these days on Solaris).
Recently I got an OEM alert that my swap space on server A had crossed the 95% threshhold on one of the servers.
But when I checked the server, I found that the average swap space utilization was 97.45.
In fact, what actually happened was my swap utilization momentarily dropped below 95% and then returned back to its normal range above 95% which caused the alert to be triggered.
So this made me wonder why my swap space utilization was so high on server A, or is this just normal for Solaris (v.10).
Checking with server B, I see that my swap utilization is only at 63.6% (even though server B has much more physical memory in use by the two databases than server A).
Main question is why is swap utilization so high on server A, which is configured the same as server B and with less physical memory actually in use.
Next question is should I be concerned.
When I check vmstat, I do not see any paging in or out or blocked processes.
See below for server A
Server A
$ vmstat -S 5 5
kthr memory page disk faults cpu
r b w swap free si so pi po fr de sr s0 s1 s2 s5 in sy cs us sy id
0 0 0 1059868 30507176 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 7 -0 123 30 13742 25008 7264 5 2 93
0 0 0 1024076 30982140 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 0 0 122 4433 14793 6854 6 2 92
0 0 0 1030292 30987500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 102 4055 15049 7014 8 1 91
0 0 0 1044484 30999572 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 129 5905 19196 8127 6 1 93
0 0 0 1028584 30987636 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 114 10611 19925 7259 6 3 90974632 wrote:
Looks like we don't have 'free' on these Solaris boxes (only the man pages).
I'm guessing that free is for linux (since it works fine on my linux boxes).
$ whereis free
free: /usr/man/man3c/free.3cdarn!
Realize that SWAP is purely an OS facility; which is 100% external to Oracle.
The OS send little used or idle processes into SWAP when RAM is scarce resource.
The fact that SWAP is being used is not a Bad Thing, in and of itself.
as long as vmstat shows that BI+BO > SI+SO I would ignore the Chicken Little warnings. -
Swap space/dump devices for large RAM systems
We are in the process of changing our standards for our server builds and need some input. Currently, we match the swap space on local disk with the size of RAM. I know this isn't necessary for "swap" any more, but we use the swap area as the dump device as well, so we are sure to have enough space there to contain a full memory dump if the server crashes.
Now we have systems coming in with 128 or even 192 GB of ram. They contain only two disks (146GB), which we mirror. Obviously there isn't enough space on these disks for 192GB of swap or a dedicated dump deivce.
We need the ability to capture full dumps when we have a crash, probably with a dedicated dump device. Should we start ordering SCSI disk enclosuers for this purpose? Can we make a SAN volume our dump device?
What is everyone else doing with these larger RAM systems?Compressed dumps have been supported in UNIX flavors for many years, so you need to dig further into it. It is supported in linux, so I can't imagine why it wouldn't in Solaris. Tru64UNIX, HP-UX, AIX, and others all provide this capability.
True, you can't get internal disks bigger than the 146 on Sparc platforms, but you could attach a "boot array", like a storagetek D240 system, or iScsi or fiber attached storage. The only caveat is whether Solaris, in the throes of a crash, still has the drivers loaded that can address an external disk subsystem. That would have to be investigated with SUN. And these arrays support the new 1TB SATA disk drives. We are deploying 6140 shelves with 16TB per shelf. Simply amazing... -
Observation: SAP uses swap space even when OS has available unused memory
Hi Folks,
It is my understanding that any memory not used by the Linux OS itself or the SAP application is available for Linux to use for I/O buffers and file caching. When the SAP application requires more memory I would expect Linux to take memory away from itself (release I/O buffer and/or file caching memory).
We have observed that SAP uses swap space even when there is memory available. Is there some feature in SAP kernel or some ABAP construct that causes SAP to prefer swap space over available memory? Or maybe there is a Linux kernel setting that influences SAP's use of swapping.
Regards,
ZazHi Mike
You did not mention which distribution you have. Under SLES there is is a parameter called SWAPPINESS, which controls the buffering/swapping.
cat /proc/sys/vm/swappiness
If you don't already know, you can see the memory usage with the free command.
root # free -m
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 7987 7901 85 0 364 4262
-/+ buffers/cache: 3274 4712
Swap: 15999 0 15999
As far as i know, in this example 3274 is memory used by SAP and other processes and 4712 is cache. Please correct me if i am wrong.
Regards
Michael
Edit: a low swappines, for example 10 means to reduce cache first, a high swappiness (example 100) means page out processes first
Edited by: mho on Jun 20, 2008 11:21 AM -
Swap space used is above threshold of 90
Hi all,
i am facing an issues in linux box which is Swap space used is above threshold of 90
[oracle@gbaheovl21 scripts]$ free
total used free shared buffers cached
Mem: 8388608 8354400 34208 0 32748 4354904
-/+ buffers/cache: 3966748 4421860
Swap: 6257992 5816940 441052
scripts]$ sar -r
07:00:01 kbmemfree kbmemused %memused kbbuffers kbcached kbswpfree kbswpused %swpused kbswpcad
07:10:01 15868 8372740 99.81 16348 4356644 479720 5778272 92.33 767516
07:20:01 93232 8295376 98.89 17624 4304864 433200 5824792 93.08 773240
07:30:01 29092 8359516 99.65 22664 4328688 442496 5815496 92.93 800512
07:40:01 39700 8348908 99.53 28584 4348424 441392 5816600 92.95 768592
Average: 57576 8331032 99.31 56029 4292652 349858 5908134 94.41 775742
Is their any fix to this issue with out reboot ? please any one help me on this ?Hi ,
sorry for that , i am pasting the info below.
Linux venkat.gb.com 2.6.18-238.el5xen #1 SMP Sun Dec 19 14:42:02 EST 2010 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
it is a Oracle virtual linux and here few databases are running
[root@ ~]# sysctl vm.swappiness
vm.swappiness = 60
[root@~]# df /dev/shm
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
tmpfs 4194304 249220 3945084 6% /dev/shm
[root@ ~]# ipcs -um
------ Shared Memory Status --------
segments allocated 31
pages allocated 2099310
pages resident 1003699
pages swapped 881584
Swap performance: 0 attempts 0 successes
[root@ ~]# cat /proc/meminfo
MemTotal: 8388608 kB
MemFree: 29556 kB
Buffers: 39224 kB
Cached: 4458580 kB
SwapCached: 625964 kB
Active: 6728908 kB
Inactive: 548592 kB
HighTotal: 0 kB
HighFree: 0 kB
LowTotal: 8388608 kB
LowFree: 29556 kB
SwapTotal: 6257992 kB
SwapFree: 512504 kB
Dirty: 3360 kB
Writeback: 0 kB
AnonPages: 2442472 kB
Mapped: 3943420 kB
Slab: 256204 kB
PageTables: 525464 kB
NFS_Unstable: 0 kB
Bounce: 0 kB
CommitLimit: 10452296 kB
Committed_AS: 21157240 kB
VmallocTotal: 34359738367 kB
VmallocUsed: 34920 kB
VmallocChunk: 34359703427 kB
thanks
Venkat -
Swap space becomes critically low in the system
Hi,
We are facing a situation where the swap space space is critically low in the system, there is just 10 % available swap space in the system
And we can't see the swap space being released to the OS .
This is one of the Application servers we have for R3 system.
SAP environment:
SAP Netweaver 7.01
LINUX RHEL
Oracle 11g
$free -m //outut
As you can see we have 64G physical memory allocated to this application server whereas the configured swap space is around 20G.
This Linux box houses two application server one for R3 and the other for CRM.
Would appreciate if you can tell me what should be done to release the swap space as above shows that 18 gig of 20 is being used right now.
Regards,
RakeshThanks Gaurav..
what you have said makes sense we will check that parameter which determines to what extent swap space should be used between 0 to 100 %.
However, I have found that there are many swaps in the SAP buffer (ST02) that we will be tuning soon in both of the application servers that I had mentioned above,
I have checked the ST06 and couldn't found any page in/out activity.
see below the screen shots of ST02 and ST06 for both application servers.
Regards,
Rakesh -
Hi Folks!
I am running Archlinux 64bit on my System with 4096 Mb RAM. I use my System for Programming (Java, C), Gaming (UT2004, Enemy Territory, True Combat Elite, Doom3, ....), Distributed Computing (Boinc), Email, Surfing the Net, Watching and Converting Videos , Picture processing (Gimp) and Office work in general (Printing, Writing, ...).
There was never a lack of memory on my System and my Swap Space, which have an amount of 2000 Mb, is never used.
I would shrink it to 512 Mb, but i would not delete this partition.
By the way: i do not use the hibernate Funktion. In that case i should give at least 4096 Mb to the Swap Partition.
Here are some interesting Articles about that Problem:
http://sourcefrog.net/weblog/software/l … /swap.html
http://kerneltrap.org/node/3660
http://www.linux.com/feature/121916
What do you thing about this issue?
Greetz
roostiphitus wrote:In shining's case, something must have been forking off, possibly make starting new compilation processes.
Actually, I just checked some old mails and here are some precisions :
1) the first time, the box was totally unresponsive, and nothing visible had been killed
2) the second time, it killed both firefox and gnome. I suspect I had the compilation running in screen, so that was still going on.
And with firefox and gnome killed, the box was much more responsive
Also I believe that I was using makeflags -j3 in both cases. So probably that does not help with memory usage.
And it could also indeed makes the task of oom killer more difficult.
So if I ever want to compile it again, I can do two things : running outside X to free a lot of mem, and with -j1
Besides, I have only 1gb. So people with 2gb and more probably don't need to care about this.
But I still think that it is better to have some swap space, and have the system slows down because of swap usage in extreme conditions, rather than having the oom killer kill tasks and losing potentially important data / work / whatever.
Now if you know that the maximum memory usage you can achieve doing something productive is lower than your mem, then it is fine.
Actually I have only 1gb and no swap, the only times I had problems is with this octave compilation, and I was not even using the box at this point, I just let it compile, so I did not lose anything. -
How to find Oracle is using swap space or not?
Hi,
I have a SuSe Linux database server on which 2 Oracle 10g databases and one MySQL server is running.
I can see a very little swap space is being used in the server while there is almost 100% RAM utlization.
I want to know if my Oracle databases are using swap or not. If it is using, how much of swap being used currently by each Oracle database?
Can someone please guide me on how to do that?
Thanks in advance for your help.
Regards,
Murali MohanI did "vmstat 1 10" and here is the output.
What I want to know how much swap space is used by each of my oracle database while the below output is for total swap usage
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- system ----cpu----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa
0 0 2366860 36996 81660 9458664 67 44 4160 356 9 13 5 3 82 9
0 0 2366860 38224 81748 9458576 0 0 0 512 1041 369 0 0 99 1
1 0 2366860 38224 81748 9458576 0 0 4 80 1053 293 6 0 93 0
2 0 2366860 38224 81752 9458572 0 0 80 40 1467 956 22 7 70 1
2 1 2366860 38248 81760 9458564 0 0 0 580 1150 444 32 17 50 1
1 1 2366860 38124 81808 9458516 0 0 360 1040 1672 1158 28 13 51 8
2 0 2366860 38124 81832 9458492 0 0 84 288 1380 931 33 10 57 1
2 0 2366860 36596 81884 9458388 52 0 52 4088 1098 475 36 16 46 1
2 0 2366860 38188 81916 9458356 0 0 144 1096 1251 570 36 12 49 2
2 0 2366860 38180 81916 9458356 0 0 68 136 1595 1134 28 9 63 1 -
How is SWAP space and Oracle's Shared Memory related ?
Platform: RHEL 5.4
Oracle Version: 11.2
I was trying to increase MEMORY_TARGET to 15g. Then I encountered the following error
SQL> alter system set memory_max_target=20g scope=spfile;
System altered.
SQL> alter system set memory_target=15g scope=spfile;
System altered.
SQL> shutdown immediate;
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL>
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> startup
ORA-32004: obsolete or deprecated parameter(s) specified for RDBMS instance
ORA-00845: MEMORY_TARGET not supported on this system
SQL>
SQL>
SQL> select name from v$database;
select name from v$database
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01034: ORACLE not available
Process ID: 0
Session ID: 189 Serial number: 9From the below post
MEMORY_TARGET not supported on this system
I gathered that In Linux, if you want to set MEMORY_TARGET, MEMORY_MAX_TARGET to nGB , then you should have a SWAP ( /dev/shm ) of nGB.
My Swap was only 16gb and I was trying to set memory_max_target to 20g
$ df -h /dev/shm
Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on
tmpfs 16G 7.2G 8.6G 46% /dev/shmNow, I am wondering how is Oracle's Shared Memory (SGA+PGA) related to SWAP space in a server ? Shouldn't Oracle's Shared Memory be related to Physical RAM rather than disk based SWAP space ?related question:
In the above mentioned OTN article it says ,
You could encounter ORA-00845 if your shared memory is not mapped to /dev/shm
I think he meant
You could encounter ORA-00845 if your SWAP space is not mapped to /dev/shm .
Am I right ? -
Excess Swap Space....
Hi all,
Please I would like to find out if large swap space has any effect on the performance of a Server.
ThanksNo. Generally not a good idea.
Oh, details? Sure.
To begin with you do <u>not</u> want any active paging going on; it kills performance quickly. It is normal to see some memory pages being evicted to paging store; the kernel does some proactive evictions of stale memory pages just in case the room is needed sometime in the future.
$ top -n1
top - 07:37:55 up 3 days, 19:58, 1 user, load average: 0.01, 0.82, 1.26
Tasks: 302 total, 15 running, 287 sleeping, 0 stopped, 0 zombie
Cpu(s): 4.5%us, 6.2%sy, 0.1%ni, 88.2%id, 0.8%wa, 0.0%hi, 0.1%si, 0.0%st
Mem: 6902244k total, 6486860k used, 415384k free, 600968k buffers
Swap: 8392696k total, 14496k used, 8378200k free, 1290552k cachedThe swap utilization reported by top(1) is misleading because it shows a static picture of how much swap space is being used. The problem is that you can't distinguish between the stale-memory evictions and the unwanted paging activity. Better to use the vmstat(1) tool for this:
$ vmstat 1 3
procs -----------memory---------- ---swap-- -----io---- --system-- -----cpu-----
r b swpd free buff cache si so bi bo in cs us sy id wa st
1 0 14496 411440 601624 1293196 0 0 48 103 28 24 5 6 88 1 0
61 0 14496 411316 601632 1293196 0 0 0 212 5224 6751 2 4 93 2 0
5 0 14496 411152 601640 1293188 0 0 0 16 7205 8826 5 11 83 1 0The interesting metric here is the swap-in (si) column, which counts the number of pages read into memory from the paging store. It is OK for this to show some minor values, but should the count increase rapidly for some time you should regard this as a sign of swap activity and fix it.
Lots of installation documentation suggests that the size of paging store be at least equal to the physical memory size or even larger. On anything much larger than an old desktop this is simply too much space: the system will become unusably slow long before this amount of space is utilized.
Ancient history: at one time some UNIX ports used the swap space to temporarily store a memory image of a system oops. Every boot, the kernel checked the swap space for a special signature pattern to see if the swap space held such an image.
Back to the present: having an excessively-large paging store simply wastes disk space. Sometimes the extra paging store can be useful to have because it can postpone a Linux out-of-memory (OOM) kill by the kernel if you have a run-away program leaking memory, but most likely this simply trades an OOM kill for really poor performance. Your mileage may vary, as they say. -
Hi,
Is there a recommendation when it comes to setting the swap space for the system running the endeca server?
We are using EID 2.3 on Linux.
Our machines are currently freezing once the swap space gets consumed.
Thanks,
WillWill,
Is the machine running Endeca Server also receiving incremental updates or does your solution operate as more of a "kill and fill" operation where the index is being fully loaded each time?
Some other information that would be helpful would be the size of your index and the amount of RAM available on the machine. If you're not comfortable sharing that, a ratio would also suffice (i.e. I have 48GB of RAM and my index size on disk is 12GB so the ratio of RAM to index size is 4:1).
Typically, I've seen the "high water mark" of addressable memory reach about 2 to 2.5x the index size. Keep in mind that it only ratchets up to that level on rare occasions when an index that has been in use for a while (warm cache) is in the final stages of a bulk update, the usual running amount is much lower. And of course, swap should only come into play when your available memory is constraining the system.
Hope that helps,
Patrick Rafferty
Branchbird -
Performance: swap space vs. swap file?
After install of Red Hat Linux ES 3.0 UL3, I found that the swap space is set to only 2 GB. The SA claims that to increase the swap space, he must reinstall Linux because the partition is full.
Another option would be to add a swap file to a free partition.
Are there any issues with having swap files vs. swap space?You should be able to use the free partition as swap space as well, without reinstall of Linux.
More information is available from the Redhat website :
http://www.redhat.com/docs/manuals/linux/RHL-8.0-Manual/custom-guide/s1-swap-adding.html
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