What the &^%$ is a 'Kernel' and what do they do?
I know this probably qualifies for the "Dumb Question of the Year" but can some one explain what a Kernel is? I am a little confused by all this talk of 32-bit and 64-bit CPU's and Kernels.
I have an iMac which I understand has a 64-bit CPU. I need, however, to hold down the 6 and 4 keys when starting up to enable the 64-bit 'kernels and extensions'. What difference will I see if I enable these? Will there be any issues if I don't activate them?
Cheers......Scotty
Anytine for our down-under buddies.
Since you're a newcomer to the Mac, see these:
Basic Tutorials on using a Mac,
Mac 101: Mac Essentials,
Anatomy of a Mac,
MacFixIt Tutorials, and
MacTips.
Additionally, *Texas Mac Man* recommends:
Quick Assist. and
Take Control E-books.
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[SOLVED] How to view the *exact* name of the currently running kernel?
Perhaps this question will seem dumb, but here goes : I have two kernels installed :
[ruben@arch ~]$ yaourt -Q linux
core/linux 3.2.9-1 (base)
[ruben@arch ~]$ yaourt -Q linux-ck-kx
repo-ck/linux-ck-kx 3.2.11-1 (ck-kx)
Grub’s menu.lst is configured to boot linux-ck-kx :
# general configuration:
timeout 5
default 2
color light-blue/black light-cyan/blue
# (0) Arch Linux
title Arch Linux
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-label/archroot ro
initrd /boot/kernel26.img
# (1) Arch Linux Fallback
title Arch Linux Fallback
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz26 root=/dev/disk/by-label/archroot ro
initrd /boot/kernel26-fallback.img
# (2) Arch Linux CK-KX
title Arch Linux CK-KX
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux-ck root=/dev/disk/by-label/archroot ro
initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-ck.img
# (3) Arch Linux CK-KX Fallback
title Arch Linux CK-KX Fallback
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux-ck root=/dev/disk/by-label/archroot ro
initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-ck-fallback.img
And yet, I see no mention of *-ck-kx when issuing this comand :
[ruben@arch ~]$ uname -a
Linux arch 3.2.9-1-ARCH #1 SMP PREEMPT Thu Mar 1 09:31:13 CET 2012 x86_64 AMD Athlon(tm) 64 Processor 3200+ AuthenticAMD GNU/Linux
It does not matter whether I change the default kernel line in /boot/grub/menu.lst : I can set it to “ 0 ” or “ 2 ” and reboot, and the output of “ uname -a ” will always be exactly the same as above ; no mention of *ck-kx even though I know it is running.
I searched the web on how to view the name of the running kernel, all results I found said to use uname, so is there another command I am missing here ? Or is it normal that both my kernels yield the same uname output ?
Just curious, because I was playing around with kexec, and when doing “ fake ” reboots, I was alternating between the normal ARCH-kernel and the ck-kx*kernel, and I wanted to be sure that it actually worked, so I checked everytime with uname, and since I saw no difference in the outputs, I assumed kexec wasn’t working like it should, so I did a “ real ” reboot, but same uname outputs… So I must be missing something…
Here are the kexec commands I used, just to be sure I am doing this properly :
[ruben@arch ~]$ sudo kexec -l --append="`cat /proc/cmdline`" --initrd=/boot/initramfs-linux-ck.img /boot/vmlinuz-linux-ck
[ruben@arch ~]$ sudo init 6
and :
[ruben@arch ~]$ sudo kexec -l --append="`cat /proc/cmdline`" --initrd=/boot/initramfs-linux.img /boot/vmlinuz-linux
[ruben@arch ~]$ sudo init 6
Thoughts ?
Last edited by Montague (2012-03-15 22:00:02)litemotiv wrote:
Hmm worksforme:
$ uname -r
3.2.11-1-ck
One question for you litemotiv : do you have two kernels currently installed on your system, like I do, or did you uninstall the ARCH-kernel ? I ask because I might try this :
$ sudo pacman -Rns linux
and reboot, and see what happens…
But before I do that, might as well try to debug it ;
t1nk3r3r wrote:I would point the finger at GRUB, or something occuring near boot-time.
https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/Boot_Debugging
So I tried the “ Heavy Debug ” option, rebooted, then issued “ dmesg > dmesg.txt ” ; here are the first few lines of that file :
[ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpuset
[ 0.000000] Initializing cgroup subsys cpu
[ 0.000000] Linux version 3.2.9-1-ARCH (tobias@T-POWA-LX) (gcc version 4.6.2 20120120 (prerelease) (GCC) ) #1 SMP PREEMPT Thu Mar 1 09:31:13 CET 2012
[ 0.000000] Command line: root=/dev/disk/by-label/archroot ro
and the complete dmesg output is here. I am no expert at reading debuggin output, but from the above, it seems like the default ARCH-kernel is being booted, even though my menu.lst hasn’t changed from my previous post (exept for the debugging options) :
# general configuration:
timeout 5
default 0
color light-blue/black light-cyan/blue
# (0) Arch Linux CK-KX
title Arch Linux CK-KX
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux-ck root=/dev/disk/by-label/archroot ro rootdelay=5 panic=10 debug ignore_loglevel
initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-ck.img
# (1) Arch Linux CK-KX Fallback
title Arch Linux CK-KX Fallback
root (hd0,0)
kernel /boot/vmlinuz-linux-ck root=/dev/disk/by-label/archroot ro
initrd /boot/initramfs-linux-ck-fallback.img
I want the ck-kernel to boot, what it going on here ? Any more thoughts ? -
HELP 2.6 kernel and X terminal. [FXx]
So I compiled the 2.6 kernel, and with much help from people on IRC, I got it working.
Everything seems to work except that when I open an X terminal (gnome-terminal, xterm, aterm, konsole), it doesnt work. They just dont open.
How strange?
Does anyone have any ideas?
The regular text terminal works though.
I get this when running xterm:
xterm: Error 32, errno 2: No such file or directory
Reason: get_pty: not enough ptysThanks for all the help folks. I finally got a 2.6 kernel working with the help of the posts on this board. Couldn't do it in Gentoo or Slackware or Debian but is works great in Arch. I even stole the kernel and source (test9-mm1) along with modules-init-tools from my Gentoo partiion. Strange that what I compiled in Gentoo would not work in Gentoo but copied over to Arch, it works like it was compiled just for my machine. Wait a minute...it was compiled for my machine, just not compiled for Arch.
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How to include in table of contents the list of figures and list of tables?
How to include in table of content the "Table of contents", "List of figures" and "List of tables"? All are generated with function Table of contents, but they will not appear in generated table of contents even if they have proper style of headings - Heading 1, as other chapter.
I get this in generated Table of contentes of my dissertaion thesis:
Table of contents
Preface
Table of contents <- missing
List of tables <- missing
List of figures <- missing
Introduction
Main
Conclusion
Is it ok, that generated lists are not included in table of contents?You've just confused me.
My understanding of how this is set up is that either:
This is a book, and there is a master TOC that includes all book documents and a document-specific TOC in each component file, or
This is a single file and there is one master TOC that includes all sections and a section-specific TOC that includes only the individual section.
In the first case, I think you would want two TOC styles set up, one that includes the chapter heads (if I understood how you said this worked) for the for the master, and you would include all docs in the book when you generate it, and a second style for the individual chapters, with the subheadings you want to include.
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OK, wait a sec. I just reread what you said: "Another thing: when the numbers are "linked" and updating well, they display indide a little box. Not a text box, but a kind of little frame around the numbers. That frame makes it imposible to delete just one number: when the TOC says that Section 6.1 is in page 135, for example, you cannot delete just the 5, it deletes, not just the 3 numbers, but also the doted tab."
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