Hard Disk - Mac OS Boot Volume failure

Question

Hello everyone,
My Mac does not boot.
I started having odd problems of clicking on a document and the mac refusing to open its application (tried with PDF, DOCX, even JPG).
When I rebooted I was  greeted with a a normal grey screen with apple logo and immediately received a  terminal system message:
The message read:
panic(cpu 0 caller 0xffffff8010bcb7d4): "Process 1 exec of /sbin/launched failed, errno 8"@/SourceCache xnu xnu-2422.1.72/bsd/kern/kern_exec.c:3836
Debugger called: <panic>
Backtrace (CPU 0), Frame : Return Adrress
etc. (please see above image)
After quickly listing these messages it rebooted. Again same thing.
Now this is odd since to my knowledge nothing particular happened that could justify this behaviour - regular apps being used, mac at the desk, no pwer failluers or surges... I even got a brand new disk I installed back in October last year.
I rebooted with option pressed and got the three volumes I expected: Mac OS X, Bootcamp and HD Recovery
Retried Mac OS X (you never know ;-) and nothing changed, same panic screen.
I then rebooted on HD Recovery and run repair on Disk Utility. The S.M.A.R.T status is "Verified" and so I tried to Repair the volume. Can't remember exactly the message but basically something in the lines of "The disk cannot be repaired, backup your data and format it".
The disk change prevented me of having a proper backup (last one done before changing disks - and as you probably will know when changing disks Timemachine does not recognize and proposes reset the backup it has from previous disk).
So I thing I will get the disk out and connect it externally to another mac and backup and format it to later restore.
But wait, how about Bootcamp? I rebooted, pressed option and chose Bootcamp as startup disk and... amazingly it works without a problem (besides seeing Windows 7 on a mac which is still a troublesome image to me  ;-) So not all is lost!
So my question: any ideas if I may repair the disk from the apparently fully functional Windows? I started backing up the more recent and important files, but already had troubles with file long names and naming rules (so I will definitely have to backup it later on a Mac OS X environment as external disk).
Any thoughts will be most welcome.
Regards,
-- João
About my Mac:
Macbook Pro
15-inch, Mid 2010
Processor: 2.66 GHz Intel Core i7
Memory: 8 Gb 1067 MHz DDR3
Graphic cards: Intel HD Graphics 288 Mb & nVIDIA GeForce GT 330 M
Serial: W80282VYAGZ
Software: OS X 10.9.2 (13C64) Mavericks

Answer 1

You were right BobRz! :-)
On second thought and still thinking that the drive could be a more likely culprit I decided to take the Mac back to the store where I had bought and installed it so I could profit from the warranty.
They run a quick test (could not figure out which sequence keys but it was something built-in into the OS or Firmware) and they told me the disk was probably not at fault and that I should leave my Mac (chills!) for a more thorough testing.
Although I already had saved all data files not covered by my existing TImemachine backup, I negotiated with them they would do the eventual full backup just in case testing pointed the finger to the disk and left it to - hopefully  - come back next day with everything sorted out.
The following day they phoned me and when I presented myself at the counter I had my mac wating for me (I think I saw it smile - I certainly was) alongside with a faulty disk cable which has been replaced! So there you have it, you were 100% on target! :-)
All in all I had a 100€ repair and cable to pay for.
So all is well that ends well!
Thank you very much for your insight Bob.
Best regards,
-- joão
ps already bought a 1Tb and did a Timemachine full backup! ;-)